Atlas of Canine and Feline Urinalysis

Introduction 1
 
Section 1: Sample Collection and Handling 2
 
Collection of Urine Samples 2
 
Free Catch Urine Collection 2
 
Transurethral Catheterization 3
 
Cystocentesis 6
 
Urine Sample Handlin g 7
 
Culture 7
 
Section II: Urine: Physical Characteristics 10
 
Volume 10
 
Color 10
 
Clarity/Turbidity 11
 
Odor 11
 
Urine Specific Gravity 11
 
Section III Urine Chemistry 13
 
Urine pH 13
 
Protein 14
 
Glucose 19
 
Ketones 20
 
Blood 22
 
Bilirubin 24
 
Section IV Urine Sediment 26
 
Preparation for Microscopic Examination 26
 
Casts 27
 
Hyaline Casts 27
 
Cellular Casts 28
 
Granular Casts 30
 
Waxy Casts 31
 
Fatty Casts 32
 
Hemoglobin Casts 32
 
Mixed Casts 33
 
Psuedo Casts 33
 
Crystals 34
 
Crystals associated with urolith formation34
 
Struvite/Triple Phosphate Crystals 34
 
Calcium oxalate dihydrate 35
 
Calcium oxalate monohydrate 36
 
Calcium Phosphate 37
 
Urate/Ammonium Biurate 37
 
Uric Acid 38
 
Cystine 39
 
Xanthine 39
 
Amorphous (Phosphate, Urate, Silicates) 40
 
Crystals not typically associated with urolith formation41
 
Tyrosine and leucine 41
 
Bilirubin 42
 
Melamine 42
 
Drug Induced 43
 
Sulfonamides 43
 
Ampicillin 44
 
Radiopaque Contrast Agents 44
 
Cholesterol 45
 
Cells 45
 
Transitional Epithelial Cells 45
 
Squamous Epithelial Cells 46
 
Renal Tubular Epithelial Cells 47
 
Leukocytes 48
 
Erythrocytes 49
 
Atypical (Neoplastic) Cells 50
 
Organisms51
 
Bacteria 52
 
Fungal Hyphae 53
 
Yeast 54
 
Dioctophyma renale Ova 54
 
Capillaria (Pearsonema) plica and Capillaria felis cati Ova

The authors
Theresa E. Rizzi, DVM, DACVP (Clinical Pathology), is a Clinical Associate Professor in the Department of Veterinary Pathobiology at Oklahoma State University, Center for Veterinary Health Sciences, in Stillwater, Oklahoma, USA.
 
Amy Valenciano, DVM, MS, DACVP (Clinical Pathology), is a Clinical Pathologist at IDEXX Laboratories in Dallas, Texas, USA.
 
Mary Bowles, DVM, DACVIM, is an emeritus Associate Professor and former Small Animal Medicine Section Chief in the Department of Clinical Sciences at Oklahoma State University, Center for Veterinary Health Sciences in Stillwater, Oklahoma, USA.
 
Rick Cowell, DVM, MS, MRCVS, DACVP (Clinical Pathology), is a Clinical Pathologist at IDEXX Laboratories Inc. in Stillwater, Oklahoma, USA.
 
Ronald Tyler, DVM, PhD, DACVP (Clinical Pathology and Anatomic Pathology), DABT, is consulting pathologist and toxicologist to U.S., European, and Chinese pharmaceutical companies, contract laboratories, and regulatory agencies with adjunct appointments in the Department of Veterinary Pathobiology at Oklahoma State University, Center for Veterinary Health Sciences, in Stillwater, Oklahoma, USA and Department of Pathology, Madras Veterinary College, Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University in Chennai, India.
 
Dennis B. DeNicola, DVM, PhD, DACVP (Clinical Pathology), is Chief Veterinary Educator at IDEXX Laboratories in Westbrook, Maine, USA

'The book covers all aspects of urinalysis including appropriate collection, storage, preparation of urine for laboratory analysis, and chemical and microscopic evaluation. It presents practical techniques for urine collection, has many images of sediment structures, and helpful tables that summarize information ... This book mirrors those available in human medicine. It is thorough and the images are excellent' Doody's, December 2017