Fetal and Hybrid Procedures in Congenital Heart Diseases

Part I-Introductory aspects in fetal procedures/Ethical aspects of fetal heart interventions.- Tools in fetal heart procedures.- Role of Multicenter Registries to Assess Outcomes of Fetal Interventions.- Role of Counseling in Fetal Congenital Heart Diseases.- Part II - Aortic valve disease/Fetal Anatomy:  the aortic valve in the fetal aortic valve diseases.- Fetal aortic stenosis - natural history and echocardiographic evaluation.- Fetal Aortic Valvuloplasty (FAV).- Fetal aortic valvuloplasty: state of art.- Part III - Pulmonary valve disease/Fetal anatomy:  the pulmonary valve in the fetal pulmonary valve disease.- Fetal pulmonary valvuloplasty: Natural history and echocardiographic evaluation of Critical Pulmonary stenosis/ Pulmonary atresia with intact ventricular septum.- Indications for fetal  pulmonary valvuloplasty.- Center experience and step-by-step approach for fetal pulmonary valvuloplasty.- Pulmonary valvuloplasty: Fetal, neonatal and follow up outcomes.- Literature on fetal therapy after pulmonary valvuloplasty.- Future perspectives on fetal pulmonary valvuloplasty.- Part IV - Procedures on the interatrial septum/The embryology of the interatrial septum.- Fetal anatomy: the inter atrial septum in the fetus with congenital heart disease.- Literature on fetal therapy on interatrial septum.- Procedures on the Atrial Septum.- Part V - Fetal procedures: Other treatments and approaches/Perspectives On Fetal Pacing.- Alternative vascular access in fetus.- Part VII - Introductory aspects in hybrid procedures/Physician's Perspective.- Parents' Perspective on the Hybrid Approach.- The Hybrid Catheterization Laboratory.- Part VIII - Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome (HLHS)/Hypoplastic left heart syndrome natural and surgical history.- The engineering perspective.- General principles of the hybrid approach in Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome.- Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome: The Giessen approach - history, technique and results.- Hybrid Approach: