Hydrothermal Mineral Deposits
Principles and Fundamental Concepts for the Exploration Geologist
(Sprache: Englisch)
This book is intended primarily for exploration geologists and post graduate students attending specialist courses in mineral exploration. Exploration geologists are engaged not only in the search for new mineral deposits, but also in the extension and...
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Klappentext zu „Hydrothermal Mineral Deposits “
This book is intended primarily for exploration geologists and post graduate students attending specialist courses in mineral exploration. Exploration geologists are engaged not only in the search for new mineral deposits, but also in the extension and re-assessment of existing ones. To succeed in these tasks, the exploration geologist is required to be a "generalist" of the Earth sciences rather than a specialist. The exploration geologist needs to be familiar with most aspects of the geology of ore deposits, and detailed knowledge as well as experience play an all important role in the successful exploration for mineral commodities. In order to achieve this, it is essential that the exploration geologist be up to date with the latest developments in the evolution of concepts and ideas in the Earth sciences. This is no easy task, as thousands of publications appear every year in an ever increasing number of journals, periodicals and books. For this reason it is also difficult, at times, to locate appropriate references on a particular mineral deposit type, although this problem is alleviated by the existence of large bibliographic data bases of geological records, abstracts and papers on computers. During my teaching to explorationists and, indeed, during my years of work as an explorationist, the necessity of having a text dealing with the fundamental aspects of hydrothermal mineral deposits has always been compelling. Metallic mineral deposits can be categorised into three great families, namely: (I) magmatic; (2) sedimentary and residual; (3) hydrothermal.
Inhaltsverzeichnis zu „Hydrothermal Mineral Deposits “
I IntroductionI Nature and Types of Hydrothermal Solutions and Systems
1 Water and Solutions
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Water: Its Origin and Significance
1.2.1 Planetary Evolution and the Origin of Water
1.2.2 Water - Past and Present
1.2.3 Water in Subduction Zones
1.2.4 Water in the Crust
1.3 Solutions
1.4 Solubility and Boiling
1.5 Acid-Base Nomenclature
1.6 Structure of Water - Hydrolysis and Hydration
1.7 Redox Potential (Eh)
1.8 Chemical Potential, Chemical Activity and Fugacity
- References
2 Hydrothermal Solutions
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Water of Hydrothermal Solutions
2.3 Oxygen and Hydrogen Isotope Systematics of Hydrothermal Fluids
2.4 Fluid Inclusions
2.5 Dissolved Constituents and Metals Partitioning into Hydrothermal Solutions
2.5.1 Partitioning of Metallic Elements into Hydrothermal Solutions
2.6 Metal Transport
2.6.1 Complex Ions and Ligands
2.6.2 Complex Ions in Hydrothermal Solutions
2.7 Metal Deposition
- References
3 Hydrothermal Systems
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Definition and Types
3.3 Magmatic Hydrothermal Systems Related to Shallow and Deep-Seated Plutonism
3.4 Magmatic-Meteoric Hydrothermal Systems, Related to Volcano-Plutonic and Volcanic Complexes
3.4.1 Magmatic Hydrothermal Systems
3.4.2 Predominantly Meteoric Hydrothermal (Geothermal) Systems
3.4.3 Hot Water-Dominated and Vapour-Dominated Hydrothermal Systems
3.4.4 Hot Springs, Mud Pools, Geysers, Crater Lakes and Fumaroles
3.5 Sub-Sea-Floor Hydrothermal Systems: Spreading Centres and Island Arcs
3.5.1 Hydrothermal Systems in Spreading Centres
3.5.2 Hydrothermal Systems in Submarine Volcanic Centres
3.6 Rift-Associated Hydrothermal Systems in Sedimentary Basins
3.6.1 Hydrothermal Systems
3.6.2 Hydrothermal Systems in Modern Rift Settings
3.7 Hydrothermal Systems of Metamorphic and Crustal Origin
3.7.1 Metamorphism, Metasomatism, Dewatering of Rock Sequences and Fluid Generation
3.7.2 Fluid Pressure, Metamorphic Porosity, Impermeable Barriers and
... mehr
Hydraulic Fracturing
3.7.3 Metamorphic Hydrothermal Systems
3.7.4 Fluid Paths: Faults, Shear Zones and Thrust Faults
3.7.5 Fluids in Subduction Zones
- References
4 Hydrothermal Alteration
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Hydrogen Ion Metasomatism and Base Exchange
4.2.1 Chemical Processes Related to Hydrogen Ion Metasomatism
4.3 Styles and Types of Hydrothermal Alteration
4.3.1 Styles of Alteration
4.3.2 Types of Alteration
4.3.3 Other Types of Alteration
4.4 Quantification and Monitoring of Hydrothermal Alteration Processes - Data Presentation
4.4.1 Rare Earths Elements in Hydrothermal Alteration Processes
4.5 Oxygen and Hydrogen Isotope Systematics
4.6 Metamorphism of Hydrothermally Altered Rocks
4.7 Detection of Hydrothermal Alteration by Spectral Remote Sensing
- References
II Crustal Evolution, Global Tectonics, Hydrothermal Mineral Deposits and Mineral Exploration - Geotectonic and Metallogenic Analysis of Orogenic Belts
5 Crustal Evolution, Global Tectonics and Mineral Deposits
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Tectonic Phases in the Earth's Geological Evolution and Related Metallogeny
5.2.1 The Archean Eon: Phase of Microplate Tectonics
5.2.2 The Proterozoic Eon: Phase of Intraplate Tectonics
5.2.3 The Phanerozoic Eon: Phase of Macroplate Tectonics, Sea Floor Spreading and Continental Drift
5.2.4 Conclusions
- References
6 Geological Processes and Hydrothermal Mineralisation in Plate Tectonic Settings - Mineral Exploration
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Extensional Plate Tectonics
6.2.1 Mid-Ocean Spreading Centres
6.2.2 Intracontinental Rifts
6.2.3 Passive Continental Margins and Interior Basins
6.3 Compressional Plate Tectonics
6.3.1 Subduction-Related Settings
6.3.2 Collision-Related Settings
6.4 Transform Fault Tectonics
- References
7 Geotectonic and Metallogenic Analysis of Orogenic Belts
7.1 Introduction
7.2 The Pan-African Orogenic Belts of Africa
7.2.1 The Arabian-Nubian Shield
7.2.2 The Damara Orogen, Namibia
7.2.3 The Lufillian Fold Belt
7.3 Metallogenic Epochs and Geotectonic Environments of Hydrothermal Mineral Deposits of the Orogenic Belts in New Zealand
7.3.1 Geotectonic Settings of the Tuhuan Orogeny and Related Hydrothermal Mineralisation
7.3.2 Geotectonic Settings of the Rangitata Orogeny and Related Hydrothermal Mineralisation
7.3.3 Geotectonic Settings of the Kaikoura Orogeny and Related Hydrothermal Mineralisation
- References
III Hydrothermal Processes and Activities - Related Mineral Deposits
8 Alkali Metasomatism and Related Mineral Deposits
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Alkali Metasomatism in Continental Igneous Systems
8.2.1 Role of Volatiles in Granitic Magmas
8.2.2 Textural Features
8.2.3 Sodic Metasomatism and Albitites
8.2.4 Potassic Metasomatism and Microclinites
8.3 Alkali Metasomatism in Anorogenic Ring-Type Complexes
8.3.1 Fenites
8.4 Mineralisation Related to Alkali Metasomatism
8.4.1 Mineralisation in Ring Complexes of the Ijolite-Carbonatite Association
8.4.2 Mineralisation in Ring Complexes of the Alkaline Granite Association
8.4.3 Mineralisation Related to Alkali Metasomatism of Pegmatites
- References
9 Greisen Systems
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Greisenisation Processes
9.3 Geochemistry
9.4 Greisen-Related Mineral Deposits
9.4.1 Sn and W Geochemistry in the Greisen Environment - Deposition of Cassisterite and Wolframite
9.4.2 Sn Deposits Associated with the Acid Phase of the Bushveld Igneous Complex, South Africa
9.4.3 Sn-W Mineralisation at Brandberg West, Damara Orogen, Namibia
9.4.4 Endo- and Exogreisen Sn Mineralisation at Mount Bischoff, Tasmania
9.4.5 The Hercynian Sn-W Deposits of Southwest England, Cornwall and Portugal
- References
10 Porphyry Systems and Skarns
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Tectonic Settings
10.3 Classification of Porphyry Systems
10.4 Hydrothermal Alteration and Mineralisation
10.4.1 Lowell-Guilbert Model
10.4.2 Diorite Model
10.4.3 Alteration-Mineralisation of Carbonate Wall Rocks (Skarns)
10.5 Mineral Deposits of Porphyry Systems
10.5.1 Panguna and Ok Tedi Porphyry Cu-Au Deposits
10.5.2 Porphyry Cu-Mo Deposits in Chile
10.5.3 Porphyry Mo Deposits of the Colorado Mineral Belt
10.5.4 Porphyry Mo Mineralisation in the Oslo Graben, Norway
10.5.5 Skarn Deposits in the Western USA
10.5.6 Other Types of Skarn Deposits
10.5.7 Porphyry Sn Deposits in Bolivia
- References
11 Fossil and Active Geothermal Systems - Epithermal Base and Precious Metal Mineralisation (Including Kuroko-Type Deposits)
11.1 Introduction
11.2 General Characteristics of Epithermal Systems
11.2.1 Main Types of Epithermal Deposits
11.3 Volcanic-Hosted Epithermal Deposit Types
11.3.1 Epithermal Systems of Submerged Volcanic Structures
11.3.2 Hydrothermal Alteration
11.3.3 Mineral and Metal Zoning
11.4 Transport and Deposition of Precious Metals in Epithermal Systems
11.4.1 Boiling Depths and Metal Zoning
11.5 Active Geothermal Fields
11.5.1 Geothermal Systems of the Taupo Volcanic Zone, New Zealand
11.5.2 Salton Sea, California, USA
11.6 Volcanic-Hosted Epithermal Mineral Deposits
11.6.1 Hauraki Goldfields, Coromandel Peninsula, New Zealand
11.6.2 Epithermal Au in Lihir Island, Papua New Guinea
11.7 Sediment-Hosted Epithermal Deposits
11.7.1 Mineral Belts and Deposit Types of Nevada, USA
11.7.2 Nature of Fluids and Ore Genesis
11.8 Kuroko-Type Mineral Deposits
11.8.1 Kuroko Deposits
11.8.2 Precambrian Volcanogenic Massive Sulphide Deposits
- References
12 Hydrothermal Processes in Oceanic Crust and Related Mineral Deposits
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Physiography of the Ocean Floor
12.2.1 Mid-Ocean Ridges
12.2.2 Transform Faults and Fracture Zones
12.2.3 Seamounts and Volcanic Chains
12.3 Birth, Life and Death of an Ocean Basin
12.4 Oceanic Lithosphere and Ophiolites
12.5 Heat Flow, Oceanic Crust Metamorphism and the Nature of Related Hydrothermal Solutions
12.5.1 Heat Flow and Oceanic Crust Metamorphism
12.5.2 Nature and Composition of the Hydrothermal Solutions
12.6 Tectonic Settings, Sub-Sea-Floor Hydrothermal Processes, Hot Springs and Their Mineral Deposits
12.6.1 Tectonic Settings
12.6.2 Hydrothermal Processes and Types of Sulphide Deposits
12.6.3 Sub-Sea-Floor Hydrothermal Mineral Deposits
12.7 Oceanic Crust-Related Hydrothermal Mineral Deposits
12.7.1 Massive Sulphide Deposits of the Samail Ophiolite, Oman
12.7.2 The Cu Deposits of Cyprus Island
12.7.3 The Cu Deposits of the Matchless Amphibolite Belt, Namibia
- References
13 Hydrothermal Mineral Deposits of Continental Rift Environments
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Continental Rifting
13.2.1 Geophysical Signatures of Continental Rifts
13.3 Magmatism and Metamorphism Associated with Rifting
13.3.1 The Nature of Igneous Activity in Rift Systems
13.3.2 Metamorphism in Continental Rifts
13.4 Basin Formation and Volcano-Sedimentary Sequences in Continental Rifts
13.4.1 The Stratigraphic Record of Proterozoic Basins in South Africa
13.4.2 The Stratigraphic Record of Aulacogens
13.4.3 The East African Rift System
13.4.4 The Rio Grande Rift (USA)
13.5 Continental Rifting in Space and Time - Hydrothermal Mineral Deposits
13.5.1 Early Stages of Continental Rifting
13.5.2 Aulacogens and Troughs - Intermediate Stages of Continental Rifting
13.5.3 Advanced Stages of Rifting
13.6 Hydrothermal Mineral Deposits in Incipient Rifts
13.6.1 The Messina Cu Deposits, South Africa
13.6.2 Olympic Dam (Roxby Downs), South Australia
13.6.3 Hydrothermal Activity in the Tanganyika Trough, East African Rift System
13.7 Hydrothermal Mineral Deposits in Aulacogens and Troughs at Intermediate Stages of Rifting
13.7.1 McArthur River and Mt. Isa, Northern Australia
13.7.2 The Sediment-Hosted Exhalative Massive Sulphide Deposits in the Namaqualand Metamorphic Complex, South Africa
13.7.3 Stratabound Cu-Ag Deposits of the Irumide Belt in Southern Africa
13.7.4 The Zambian Copperbelt
13.7.5 Stratiform and Stratabound Cu Deposits of the Keweenawan Rift
13.8 Mineral Deposits Related to Advanced Stages of Rifting - the Red Sea Deeps
13.9 Banded Iron Formation (BIF) of Proterozoic Age
13.9.1 The Mineral Deposits of the Transvaal-Griqualand Basins
- References
14 Stratabound Carbonate-Hosted Base Metal Deposits
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Mississipi Valley-Type Deposits (MVT)
14.2.1 The Viburnum Trend, USA
14.2.2 Pine Point, Canada
14.3 Alpine-Type Deposits
14.4 Irish-Type Deposits
14.4.1 Mineral Deposits
14.5 Models of Ore Genesis for the MVT, Alpine and Irish Types
14.5.1 Karsting
14.5.2 Nature and Temperature of Fluids, Source of Metals and Sulphur
14.6 The Carbonate-Hosted Pb-Zn-Cu-Ag and V Deposits of the Otavi Mountain Land, Namibia
14.6.1 Geology, Structure and Metamorphism
14.6.2 Mineralisation
14.6.3 Tsumeb
14.6.4 Kombat
14.6.5 Berg Aukas
14.6.6 Models of Ore Genesis
- References
15 Crustal Hydrothermal Fluids and Mesothermal Mineral Deposits
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Metamorphism and Fluid Generation
15.2.1 Metamorphic Devolitilisation Reactions
15.2.2 Fluid Transport and Migration
15.2.3 Shear Zones
15.2.4 Metamorphic Vein Systems and Vein Growth
15.2.5 Mass Transport and Movement of Metals
15.2.6 Au in Hydrothermal Fluids
15.2.7 Oxygen and Hydrogen Isotope Systematics
15.3 Tectonic Settings
15.4 Archean Mesothermal Deposits
15.4.1 The Archean Greenstone Belts
15.4.2 Metallogenesis
15.4.3 Theories on the Genesis of Archean Mesothermal Au Deposits
15.4.4 Mesothermal Au Deposits of the Barberton and Murchison Greenstone Belts, South Africa
15.4.5 The Golden Mile, Yilgarn Block, Western Australia
15.4.6 The Hemlo Au-Mo Deposit, Superior Province, Canada
15.5 Mesothermal Vein Deposits of Phanerozoic Age (Turbidite-Hosted Au)
15.5.1 The Ballarat Slate Belt, Victoria, Australia
15.5.2 Hydrothermal Lode Systems of Otago-Marlborough and the Southern Alps, New Zealand
15.5.3 The Juneau Gold Belt, Southeast Alaska
15.6 Mineral Deposits Formed by Multistage Ore Genesis
15.6.1 Unconformity-Related U Deposits
15.6.2 Au Mineralisation in the Central Zone of the Damara Orogen, Namibia
15.6.3 The Possible Role of Metamorphic Fluids in the Origin of the Witwatersrand Goldfields, South Africa
- References
- Epilogue
3.7.3 Metamorphic Hydrothermal Systems
3.7.4 Fluid Paths: Faults, Shear Zones and Thrust Faults
3.7.5 Fluids in Subduction Zones
- References
4 Hydrothermal Alteration
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Hydrogen Ion Metasomatism and Base Exchange
4.2.1 Chemical Processes Related to Hydrogen Ion Metasomatism
4.3 Styles and Types of Hydrothermal Alteration
4.3.1 Styles of Alteration
4.3.2 Types of Alteration
4.3.3 Other Types of Alteration
4.4 Quantification and Monitoring of Hydrothermal Alteration Processes - Data Presentation
4.4.1 Rare Earths Elements in Hydrothermal Alteration Processes
4.5 Oxygen and Hydrogen Isotope Systematics
4.6 Metamorphism of Hydrothermally Altered Rocks
4.7 Detection of Hydrothermal Alteration by Spectral Remote Sensing
- References
II Crustal Evolution, Global Tectonics, Hydrothermal Mineral Deposits and Mineral Exploration - Geotectonic and Metallogenic Analysis of Orogenic Belts
5 Crustal Evolution, Global Tectonics and Mineral Deposits
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Tectonic Phases in the Earth's Geological Evolution and Related Metallogeny
5.2.1 The Archean Eon: Phase of Microplate Tectonics
5.2.2 The Proterozoic Eon: Phase of Intraplate Tectonics
5.2.3 The Phanerozoic Eon: Phase of Macroplate Tectonics, Sea Floor Spreading and Continental Drift
5.2.4 Conclusions
- References
6 Geological Processes and Hydrothermal Mineralisation in Plate Tectonic Settings - Mineral Exploration
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Extensional Plate Tectonics
6.2.1 Mid-Ocean Spreading Centres
6.2.2 Intracontinental Rifts
6.2.3 Passive Continental Margins and Interior Basins
6.3 Compressional Plate Tectonics
6.3.1 Subduction-Related Settings
6.3.2 Collision-Related Settings
6.4 Transform Fault Tectonics
- References
7 Geotectonic and Metallogenic Analysis of Orogenic Belts
7.1 Introduction
7.2 The Pan-African Orogenic Belts of Africa
7.2.1 The Arabian-Nubian Shield
7.2.2 The Damara Orogen, Namibia
7.2.3 The Lufillian Fold Belt
7.3 Metallogenic Epochs and Geotectonic Environments of Hydrothermal Mineral Deposits of the Orogenic Belts in New Zealand
7.3.1 Geotectonic Settings of the Tuhuan Orogeny and Related Hydrothermal Mineralisation
7.3.2 Geotectonic Settings of the Rangitata Orogeny and Related Hydrothermal Mineralisation
7.3.3 Geotectonic Settings of the Kaikoura Orogeny and Related Hydrothermal Mineralisation
- References
III Hydrothermal Processes and Activities - Related Mineral Deposits
8 Alkali Metasomatism and Related Mineral Deposits
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Alkali Metasomatism in Continental Igneous Systems
8.2.1 Role of Volatiles in Granitic Magmas
8.2.2 Textural Features
8.2.3 Sodic Metasomatism and Albitites
8.2.4 Potassic Metasomatism and Microclinites
8.3 Alkali Metasomatism in Anorogenic Ring-Type Complexes
8.3.1 Fenites
8.4 Mineralisation Related to Alkali Metasomatism
8.4.1 Mineralisation in Ring Complexes of the Ijolite-Carbonatite Association
8.4.2 Mineralisation in Ring Complexes of the Alkaline Granite Association
8.4.3 Mineralisation Related to Alkali Metasomatism of Pegmatites
- References
9 Greisen Systems
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Greisenisation Processes
9.3 Geochemistry
9.4 Greisen-Related Mineral Deposits
9.4.1 Sn and W Geochemistry in the Greisen Environment - Deposition of Cassisterite and Wolframite
9.4.2 Sn Deposits Associated with the Acid Phase of the Bushveld Igneous Complex, South Africa
9.4.3 Sn-W Mineralisation at Brandberg West, Damara Orogen, Namibia
9.4.4 Endo- and Exogreisen Sn Mineralisation at Mount Bischoff, Tasmania
9.4.5 The Hercynian Sn-W Deposits of Southwest England, Cornwall and Portugal
- References
10 Porphyry Systems and Skarns
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Tectonic Settings
10.3 Classification of Porphyry Systems
10.4 Hydrothermal Alteration and Mineralisation
10.4.1 Lowell-Guilbert Model
10.4.2 Diorite Model
10.4.3 Alteration-Mineralisation of Carbonate Wall Rocks (Skarns)
10.5 Mineral Deposits of Porphyry Systems
10.5.1 Panguna and Ok Tedi Porphyry Cu-Au Deposits
10.5.2 Porphyry Cu-Mo Deposits in Chile
10.5.3 Porphyry Mo Deposits of the Colorado Mineral Belt
10.5.4 Porphyry Mo Mineralisation in the Oslo Graben, Norway
10.5.5 Skarn Deposits in the Western USA
10.5.6 Other Types of Skarn Deposits
10.5.7 Porphyry Sn Deposits in Bolivia
- References
11 Fossil and Active Geothermal Systems - Epithermal Base and Precious Metal Mineralisation (Including Kuroko-Type Deposits)
11.1 Introduction
11.2 General Characteristics of Epithermal Systems
11.2.1 Main Types of Epithermal Deposits
11.3 Volcanic-Hosted Epithermal Deposit Types
11.3.1 Epithermal Systems of Submerged Volcanic Structures
11.3.2 Hydrothermal Alteration
11.3.3 Mineral and Metal Zoning
11.4 Transport and Deposition of Precious Metals in Epithermal Systems
11.4.1 Boiling Depths and Metal Zoning
11.5 Active Geothermal Fields
11.5.1 Geothermal Systems of the Taupo Volcanic Zone, New Zealand
11.5.2 Salton Sea, California, USA
11.6 Volcanic-Hosted Epithermal Mineral Deposits
11.6.1 Hauraki Goldfields, Coromandel Peninsula, New Zealand
11.6.2 Epithermal Au in Lihir Island, Papua New Guinea
11.7 Sediment-Hosted Epithermal Deposits
11.7.1 Mineral Belts and Deposit Types of Nevada, USA
11.7.2 Nature of Fluids and Ore Genesis
11.8 Kuroko-Type Mineral Deposits
11.8.1 Kuroko Deposits
11.8.2 Precambrian Volcanogenic Massive Sulphide Deposits
- References
12 Hydrothermal Processes in Oceanic Crust and Related Mineral Deposits
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Physiography of the Ocean Floor
12.2.1 Mid-Ocean Ridges
12.2.2 Transform Faults and Fracture Zones
12.2.3 Seamounts and Volcanic Chains
12.3 Birth, Life and Death of an Ocean Basin
12.4 Oceanic Lithosphere and Ophiolites
12.5 Heat Flow, Oceanic Crust Metamorphism and the Nature of Related Hydrothermal Solutions
12.5.1 Heat Flow and Oceanic Crust Metamorphism
12.5.2 Nature and Composition of the Hydrothermal Solutions
12.6 Tectonic Settings, Sub-Sea-Floor Hydrothermal Processes, Hot Springs and Their Mineral Deposits
12.6.1 Tectonic Settings
12.6.2 Hydrothermal Processes and Types of Sulphide Deposits
12.6.3 Sub-Sea-Floor Hydrothermal Mineral Deposits
12.7 Oceanic Crust-Related Hydrothermal Mineral Deposits
12.7.1 Massive Sulphide Deposits of the Samail Ophiolite, Oman
12.7.2 The Cu Deposits of Cyprus Island
12.7.3 The Cu Deposits of the Matchless Amphibolite Belt, Namibia
- References
13 Hydrothermal Mineral Deposits of Continental Rift Environments
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Continental Rifting
13.2.1 Geophysical Signatures of Continental Rifts
13.3 Magmatism and Metamorphism Associated with Rifting
13.3.1 The Nature of Igneous Activity in Rift Systems
13.3.2 Metamorphism in Continental Rifts
13.4 Basin Formation and Volcano-Sedimentary Sequences in Continental Rifts
13.4.1 The Stratigraphic Record of Proterozoic Basins in South Africa
13.4.2 The Stratigraphic Record of Aulacogens
13.4.3 The East African Rift System
13.4.4 The Rio Grande Rift (USA)
13.5 Continental Rifting in Space and Time - Hydrothermal Mineral Deposits
13.5.1 Early Stages of Continental Rifting
13.5.2 Aulacogens and Troughs - Intermediate Stages of Continental Rifting
13.5.3 Advanced Stages of Rifting
13.6 Hydrothermal Mineral Deposits in Incipient Rifts
13.6.1 The Messina Cu Deposits, South Africa
13.6.2 Olympic Dam (Roxby Downs), South Australia
13.6.3 Hydrothermal Activity in the Tanganyika Trough, East African Rift System
13.7 Hydrothermal Mineral Deposits in Aulacogens and Troughs at Intermediate Stages of Rifting
13.7.1 McArthur River and Mt. Isa, Northern Australia
13.7.2 The Sediment-Hosted Exhalative Massive Sulphide Deposits in the Namaqualand Metamorphic Complex, South Africa
13.7.3 Stratabound Cu-Ag Deposits of the Irumide Belt in Southern Africa
13.7.4 The Zambian Copperbelt
13.7.5 Stratiform and Stratabound Cu Deposits of the Keweenawan Rift
13.8 Mineral Deposits Related to Advanced Stages of Rifting - the Red Sea Deeps
13.9 Banded Iron Formation (BIF) of Proterozoic Age
13.9.1 The Mineral Deposits of the Transvaal-Griqualand Basins
- References
14 Stratabound Carbonate-Hosted Base Metal Deposits
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Mississipi Valley-Type Deposits (MVT)
14.2.1 The Viburnum Trend, USA
14.2.2 Pine Point, Canada
14.3 Alpine-Type Deposits
14.4 Irish-Type Deposits
14.4.1 Mineral Deposits
14.5 Models of Ore Genesis for the MVT, Alpine and Irish Types
14.5.1 Karsting
14.5.2 Nature and Temperature of Fluids, Source of Metals and Sulphur
14.6 The Carbonate-Hosted Pb-Zn-Cu-Ag and V Deposits of the Otavi Mountain Land, Namibia
14.6.1 Geology, Structure and Metamorphism
14.6.2 Mineralisation
14.6.3 Tsumeb
14.6.4 Kombat
14.6.5 Berg Aukas
14.6.6 Models of Ore Genesis
- References
15 Crustal Hydrothermal Fluids and Mesothermal Mineral Deposits
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Metamorphism and Fluid Generation
15.2.1 Metamorphic Devolitilisation Reactions
15.2.2 Fluid Transport and Migration
15.2.3 Shear Zones
15.2.4 Metamorphic Vein Systems and Vein Growth
15.2.5 Mass Transport and Movement of Metals
15.2.6 Au in Hydrothermal Fluids
15.2.7 Oxygen and Hydrogen Isotope Systematics
15.3 Tectonic Settings
15.4 Archean Mesothermal Deposits
15.4.1 The Archean Greenstone Belts
15.4.2 Metallogenesis
15.4.3 Theories on the Genesis of Archean Mesothermal Au Deposits
15.4.4 Mesothermal Au Deposits of the Barberton and Murchison Greenstone Belts, South Africa
15.4.5 The Golden Mile, Yilgarn Block, Western Australia
15.4.6 The Hemlo Au-Mo Deposit, Superior Province, Canada
15.5 Mesothermal Vein Deposits of Phanerozoic Age (Turbidite-Hosted Au)
15.5.1 The Ballarat Slate Belt, Victoria, Australia
15.5.2 Hydrothermal Lode Systems of Otago-Marlborough and the Southern Alps, New Zealand
15.5.3 The Juneau Gold Belt, Southeast Alaska
15.6 Mineral Deposits Formed by Multistage Ore Genesis
15.6.1 Unconformity-Related U Deposits
15.6.2 Au Mineralisation in the Central Zone of the Damara Orogen, Namibia
15.6.3 The Possible Role of Metamorphic Fluids in the Origin of the Witwatersrand Goldfields, South Africa
- References
- Epilogue
... weniger
Bibliographische Angaben
- Autor: Franco Pirajno
- 2012, Softcover reprint of the original 1st ed. 1992, XVIII, 709 Seiten, 288 Abbildungen, Maße: 15,5 x 23,5 cm, Kartoniert (TB), Englisch
- Verlag: Springer, Berlin
- ISBN-10: 3642756735
- ISBN-13: 9783642756733
Sprache:
Englisch
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