Materials in Marine Technology

corrosion.- 3.4.1.1 Coatings.- 3.4.1.2 Cathodic protection.- 3.4.1.3 Anodic protection.- 3.4.1.4 Inhibition and electrolyte modification.- 3.4.2 Protection against biological effects.- 3.4.3 Protection of polymers.- 3.4.4 Protection of concrete.- 3.5 Assessment of materials performance.- 4 Marine Materials.- 4.1 Marine alloys.- 4.1.1 Alloy 'architecture'.- 4.1.1.1 Control of strength.- 4.1.1.2 Control of toughness.- 4.1.1.3 Fatigue resistance.- 4.1.1.4 Corrosion resistance.- 4.1.2 Carbon-manganese and low-alloy steels.- 4.1.3 Stainless steels.- 4.1.3.1 Austenitic stainless steels.- 4.1.3.2 Ferritic and martensitic stainless steels.- 4.1.3.3 Duplex and precipitation hardening stainless steels.- 4.1.3.4 Properties of stainless steels.- 4.1.4 Cast irons.- 4.1.5 Aluminium alloys.- 4.1.6 Copper alloys.- 4.1.6.1 The high-copper alloys.- 4.1.6.2 The cupro-nickels.- 4.1.6.3 Brasses and bronzes.- 4.1.6.3.1 Copper-zinc alloys.- 4.1.6.3.2 Copper-tin alloys.- 4.1.6.3.3 Copper-aluminium alloys.- 4.1.6.3.4 More complex alloys.- 4.1.7 Nickel alloys.- 4.1.8 Other alloys.- 4.1.8.1 Titanium alloys.- 4.1.8.2 Magnesium alloys.- 4.1.8.3 Zinc alloys.- 4.1.8.4 Others.- 4.2 Polymers for marine use.- 4.2.1 Thermoplastics.- 4.2.1.1 Polyethylenes.- 4.2.1.2 Polyvinyl chloride (PVC).- 4.2.1.3 Polypropylene (PP).- 4.2.1.4 Polystyrene (PS).- 4.2.1.5 The engineering thermoplastics.- 4.2.1.6 Thermoplastic copolymers and polymer blends.- 4.2.2 Thermosetting plastics.- 4.2.2.1 The aminoplastics.- 4.2.2.2 Polyurethanes.- 4.2.2.3 Polyesters.- 4.2.2.4 Phenolics.- 4.2.2.5 Epoxies.- 4.2.2.6 Polyimides.- 4.2.3 Elastomers.- 4.2.3.1 Natural rubber (NR).- 4.2.3.2 Styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR).- 4.2.3.3 Butadiene rubber (BR).- 4.2.3.4 Ethylene-propylene rubber (EPM and EPDM).- 4.2.3.5 Other elastomers.- 4.3 Inorganic materials.- 4.3.1 Glasses.- 4.3.2 Crystalline ceramics.- 4.3.3 Other reinforcing materials.- 4.4 Composite materials.- 4.4.1 Polymer-based composites.- 4.4.1.1 Filled polymers.- 4.4.1.2 Reinforcement with discontinuous fibres.- 4.4.1.3 Continuous fibre composites and laminates.- 4.4.2 Metal matrix composites.- 4.4.3 Ceramic matrix composites.- 4.5 Other materials of importance in marine environments.- 4.5.1 Cement and concrete.- 4.5.2 Timber for marine use.- 4.5.3 Materials for marine coatings.- 5 Fabrication and Manufacture for Marine Technology.- 5.1 Welding.- 5.1.1 The development of welding technology for marine applications.- 5.1.2 Welding processes and process parameters.- 5.1.3 Residual stress and distortion.- 5.1.4 Properties of welded joints.- 5.1.5 Weld procedures and qualification.- 5.1.6 Arc blow.- 5.1.7 Weldability.- 5.1.7.1 Weldability of carbon-manganese steels.- 5.1.7.2 Weldability of low-alloy steels.- 5.1.7.3 Weldability of stainless steels.- 5.1.7.4 Weldability of aluminium alloys.- 5.1.7.5 Weldability of other alloys.- 5.2 Manufacture with polymers and composites.- 5.2.1 Plastics manufacturing.- 5.2.2 Processing of reinforced plastics.- 5.2.3 Joining of polymers and composites.- 5.3 Manufacturing processes involving cement and concrete.- 5.3.1 The casting of concrete.- 5.3.2 The use of cement and concrete in repair.- 6 Inspection, Testing and Reliability.- 6.1 Destructive testing.- 6.2 Non-destructive testing.- 6.2.1 Methods for surface-breaking defects.- 6.2.2 Methods involving electrical and/or magnetic measurements.- 6.2.3 Methods involving ultrasonics.- 6.2.4 Radiographic methods.- 6.2.5 Special methods for concrete and composites.- 6.2.6 Acceptable defect levels and reliability of techniques.- 6.3 Monitoring.- 6.3.1 Corrosion monitoring.- 6.3.2 Structural monitoring.- 6.4 Underwater intervention, inspection and repair.- 6.4.1 Underwater intervention.- 6.4.1.1 Diver work systems.- 6.4.1.2 One-atmosphere systems.- 6.4.1.3 Remotely operated vehicles.- 6.4.1.4 Underwater operability and dexterity.- 6.4.2 Underwater inspection methods.- 6.4.3 Underwater repair and maintenance methods.- 6.5 Mechanical reliability.- 6.6 Structural reliability and maintenance strategies.- 7 Case Studies and Applications.- 7.1 Fracture mechanics applied to pipelines.- 7.2 Fatigue of tubular joints for offshore structures.- 7.3 Composite structures for marine applications.- 7.4 The design of cathodic protection systems for subsea pipelines.- 7.5 Flexible pipes.- 7.5.1 Reinforcing materials.- 7.5.2 Internal surface.- 7.5.3 External surface.- 7.5.4 Pressure barrier polymers.- 7.5.5 Other materials.- 7.6 Elastomers in dynamic marine applications.- 7.6.1 Elastomers for energy absorption and vibration isolation.- 7.6.2 Elastomers for articulations and bearings.- 7.7 Economic considerations for materials in marine technology.- 7.7.1 Economics of corrosion control for downhole tubulars.- 7.7.2 Economics of production welding.