Monitoring and Visualizing Membrane-Based Processes

INTRODUCTION: OPPORTUNITIES AND CHALLENGES OF REAL TIME MONITORING ON MEMBRANE PROCESSESIntroductionMicroscopic Techniques in Membrane CharacterizationElectrical, Laser, Magnetic and Acoustic Techniques in Membrane or Membrane Process CharacterizationProcess Oriented Monitoring TechniquesFuture Scope of Sensors in Membrane Process CharacterizationPART I: Optical and Electronic Microscopic Techniques on Membrane Process CharacterizationDIRECT VISUAL OBSERVATION OF MICROFILTRATION MEMBRANE FOULING AND CLEANINGIntroductionParticle DepositionParticle RemovalMICROSCOPY TECHNIQUES FOR THE CHARACTERIZATION OF MEMBRANE MORPHOLOGYIntroductionMembrane Characterization Morphology ParametersMicroscopy Techniques for Membrane Morphology CharacterizationCase StudiesCONFOCAL SCANNING LASER MICROSCOPY: FUNDAMENTALS AND USES ON MEMBRANE FOULING CHARACTERIZATION AND OPPORTUNITIES FOR ONLINE MONITORINGIntroductionFundamentals of Confocal Scanning Laser MicroscopyApplications of CSLM to Membranes and Membrane ProcessesEvaluating Limits and Prospects of CSLM in the Characterization of Membranes and Membrane ProcessesSCANNING PROBE MICROSCOPY TECHNIQUES IN THE INVESTIGATION OF HOMOGENEOUS AND HETEROGENEOUS DENSE MEMBRANES: THE CASE FOR GAS SEPARATION MEMBRANESIntroductionMicroscopic TechniquesGas Separation MembranesCase StudiesATOMIC FORCE MICROSCOPY INVESTIGATIONS OF MEMBRANES AND MEMBRANE PROCESSESIntroductionThe Range of PossibilitiesCorrespondence Between Surface Pore Dimensions from AFM and MWCOImaging in Liquid and the Determination of Surface Electrical PropertiesEffects of Surface Roughness on Interactions with Particles"Visualization" of the Rejection of a Colloid by a Membrane Pore and Critical FluxThe Use of AFM in Membrane DevelopmentCONFOCAL RAMAN MICROSCOPY FOR MEMBRANE CONTENT VISUALIZATIONIntroductionThe Raman EffectRaman MicrospectrometryConfocal Raman MicroscopySpecific Data ProcessingVisualization Using Raman SpectroscopyMembrane Systems ApplicationsIN SITU

Carme Güell is currently Associate Professor at the Department of Chemical Engineering at the Rovira I Virgili University (Spain). She obtained her PhD from the University of Barcelona and had post-doctoral positions at the University of California at Davis and the University of Colorado at Boulder. Currently she is serving as Degree Coordinator in the dean's board of the Enology Faculty in Tarragona.

Montserrat Ferrando is Assistant Professor at the Department of Chemical Engineering at the Rovira I Virgili University. Dr. Ferrando graduated in Chemistry at the University of Valencia in 1992, her doctoral training was obtained at the Federal Research Centre for Nutrition in Karlsruhe (Germany) and in 2001 she obtained her PhD (European mention) in Chemical Engineering from the Rovira i Virgili University. She spent a post-doctoral visit at the Helmholz Institute for Biomedical Engineering at RWTH Aachen University in Germany (2002).

Francisco López is Associate Professor at the Department of Chemical Engineering of the Rovira I Virgili University. He obtained his PhD from the University of Barcelona and had post-doctoral positions at the Institute of Chemical Engineering in Toulouse (France) and the Institute of Agro-Food Process Engineering in Agen (France).