Ocean Processes in Climate Dynamics

circulation.- 5.1 Which equilibria are possible.- 5.2 Stability and variability of the thermohaline circulation.- 5.3 Alternative thermal boundary conditions in numerical models.- 6. Summary and outlook: towards coupled process models.- Sensitivity Studies on the Role of the Ocean in Climate Chang.- 1. Introduction - CME results on thermohaline overturning.- 2. The surface heat and fresh water flux parameterizations.- 3. A basic experiment.- 4. Sensitivity experiments.- 5. Multiple stable states.- 6. Open boundary conditions.- 7. Discussion.- Modeling the Wind and Thermohaline Circulation in the North Atlantic Ocea.- 1. Introduction - the Community Modeling Effort.- 1.1 Model configuration.- 1.2 Results.- 2. Improving surface boundary conditions.- 3. Open boundary conditions for the CME model.- 4. Internal parameterizations for the CME model.- 5. Discussion.- Studying Thermohaline Circulation in the Ocean by Means of Transient Tracer Dat.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Tracer features and geochemistry.- 3. Information from oceanic tracer distribution.- 3.1 Spreading and pathways.- 3.2 Process information and low-order models.- 4. Tracer evaluation by means of ocean circulation models.- 4.1 System analysis models.- 4.2 Ocean general circulation models.- 5. Conclusions.- Laboratory and Numerical Experiments in Oceanic Convectio.- 1. Introduction.- 2. The influence of the Earth's rotation on the convective process.- 2.1 Thermale with background rotation.- 2.2 Controlling non-dimensional parameters.- 3. A laboratory analogue of a convecting chimney.- 4. Scaling ideas.- 4.1 The convection layer.- 4.2 The geostrophically adjusted end state.- 4.3 Interpretation of ice experiment.- 4.4 Oceanographic parameters.- 5. Numerical illustrations.- 5.1 Convection in a neutral ocean.- 5.2 Convection in a stratified ocean.- 6. Summary and discussion.- Open Ocean Deep Convection, Mediterranean and Greenland Sea.- 1. Introduction.- 2. The Gulf of Lions, Northwestern Mediterranean.- 2.1 Preconditioning.- 2.2 Deep convection.- 2.3 New results from winter 1991/92.- 2.4 Deep-water properties: seasonal, interannual and long-term changes.- 2.5 Possible relations of cooling and convection to large-scale flow.- 3. Greenland Sea convection and the role of ice.- 3.1 Circulation and preconditioning.- 3.2 Vertical Velocities and Convection.- 4. Summary and conclusions.- The Mediterranean Sea as a Climate Test Basi.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Mean heat and water budgets of the Mediterranean.- 3. Variability.- 3.1 Trends.- 3.2 Seasonal changes.- 3.3 Interannual variability.- 4. Buoyancy flux.- 5. Models.- 6. Discussion.- The Mediterranean Sea, a Test Area for Marine and Climatic Interaction.- 1. Yearly budgets.- 2. Spatial variability of heat and water transfers.- 3. Recent hydrological changes.- 4. Mediterranean sapropel formation, a change in deep-water formations.- 5. Conclusions.- The Physical and Dynamical Oceanography of the Mediterranean Se.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Air-sea interactions and straits exchanges.- 3. Watermass formation, dispersion and transformation.- 3.1 Deep water.- 3.2 Levantine Intermediate Water (LIW) and Deep Water (LDW).- 4. Circulation and its variabilities.- 4.1 Large scale.- 4.2 Subbasin scale.- 4.3 Mesoscale.- 5. Modelling.- 5.1 Watermass models.- 5.2 General circulation models.- 5.3 Data assimilation into dynamical models.- 6. General circulation summary.- 7. Historical perspective and climatological analysis.- 8. Conclusions and summary.- Modeling the General Circulation of the Mediterranea.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Prognostic models.- 3. Inverse models.- 4. Conclusions.- Data Assimilation: Fundamentals, Global and Mediterranean Example.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Assimilation method: fundamentals.- 3. Global and Mediterranean examples.- 4. Conclusions.- Deep-Water in the Western Mediterranean Sea, Yearly Climatic Signature and Enigmatic Spreadin.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Hydrological data.- 3. Climatic driving-force.- 4. The spreading of the newly-formed dense water.- 5. Homogenization of deep water, the Earth heat flow effect.- 6. Conclusion.- A Tracer Study of the Thermohaline Circulation of the Eastern Mediterranea.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Outline of thermohaline circulation.- 3. Tracer observations, tracer geochemistry and qualitative oceanographic findings.- 3.1 Available tracer data and geochemistry.- 3.2 Tracer distributions.- 3.3 Oceanographic findings from tracer distributions.- 4. System-analysis-model evaluation.- 4.1 The model.- 4.2 Model results.- 5. General circulation model treatment.- 6. Discussion and conclusions.- Dynamical Studies of the Eastern Mediterranean Circulatio.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Features and structures of the general circulation.- 3. Basin and subbasin scale dynamical processes.- 4. Mesoscale dynamical processes.- 5. Conclusions.- Models and Data: A Synergetic Approach in the Western Mediterranean Se.- 1. Introduction.- 2. The structure of the mesoscale algerian eddies.- 3. The circulation of LIW.- 4. The WMDW circulation.- 5. Conclusion.