Petroleum and Basin Evolution
Insights from Petroleum Geochemistry, Geology and Basin Modeling
(Sprache: Englisch)
This book has been prepared by the collaborative effort of two somewhat separate technical groups: the researchers at the Institute for Petroleum and Organic Geochemistry, Forschungszentrum Jii lich (KFA), and the technical staff of Integrated Exploration...
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This book has been prepared by the collaborative effort of two somewhat separate technical groups: the researchers at the Institute for Petroleum and Organic Geochemistry, Forschungszentrum Jii lich (KFA), and the technical staff of Integrated Exploration Systems (IES). One of us, Donald R. Baker, from Rice University, Houston, has spent so much time at KFA as a guest scientist and researcher that it is most appropriate for him to contribute to the book. During its more than 20-year history the KFA group has made numerous and significant contributions to the understanding of petroleum evolution. The KFA researchers have emphasized both the field and laboratory approaches to such important problems as source rock recognition and evaluation, oil and gas generation, maturation of organic matter, expulsion and migration of hydrocarbons, and crude oil composition and alteration. IES Jiilich has been a leader in the development and application of numerical simulation (basin modeling) procedures. The cooperation between the two groups has resulted in a very fruitful synergy effect both in the development of modeling software and in its application. The purpose of the present volume developed out of the 1994 publication by the American Association of Petroleum Geologists of a collection of individually authored papers entitled The Petroleum System - From Source to Trap, edited by L. B. Magoon and W. G. Dow.
This book is a mosaic of important building blocks bringing together the evolution of petroleum and the dynamic geological framework of sedimentary basins. Both basin modeling and organic geochemistry serve important roles in this context. Geochemical data and interpretation results, such as on source rock maturity and petroleum generation and expulsion, can now be extended in their application from only single boreholes to entire regions by means of basin modeling. Earth scientists in general will be attracted by the philosophy and approach presented in this book. It paves the way for combining the insight and views into the subsurface from modern seismic's advanced interpretation and visualization, with the understanding and results from an interactive basin modeling capability.
Inhaltsverzeichnis zu „Petroleum and Basin Evolution “
1 Basin Simulation and the Design of the Conceptual Basin Model1.1 Introduction: Integrated Basin Analysis
1.2 The Conceptual Basin Model
1.3 Definition and Classification of Basins and Their Thermal Regimes
1.3.1 Temperature and Heat Flow History
1.4 The Filling of the Sedimentary Basin: Stratigraphy and Lithofacies
1.4.1 Chronostratigraphy: Definition of Events
1.4.2 Physical Stratigraphy: Definition of Layers
1.4.3 Accumulation Rates and Subsidence:The Burial History
1.4.4 Paleogeography and Paleotemperature
1.5 Postdepositional Processes
1.5.1 Compaction and the Evolution of Rock Physical Properties
1.5.2 Erosion of Overburden and the Estimation of Maximum Burial
1.5.3 Methods of Predicting Diagenesis
1.5.4 Structural Deformation History
1.5.5 Petroleum Generation and Estimation of Petroleum Yield
1.6 Optimization and Calibration: Testing and Evaluation of the Model
1.6.1 Temperature Calibration
1.6.2 Vitrinite Reflectance Kinetics and Other Organic Calibration Parameters
1.6.3 Clay Kinetics as Temperature History Indicator
1.6.4 Compaction or Porosity Optimization
1.6.5 Sensitivity Analysis
1.6.6 The End Result
1.7 Conclusion: A Note of Caution and Outlook
- References
2 Thermal History of Sedimentary Basins
2.1 Introduction
2.2. Fundamental Concepts of Heat Transfer
2.3 Heat Transfer Equation
2.4 Heat Transfer in Sedimentary Basins
2.4.1 Heat Transfer in Sedimentary Basins by Conduction
2.4.2 Heat Transfer in Sedimentary Basins by Convection
2.4.3 Boundary Conditions of Heat Transfer in Sedimentary Basins
2.4.4 Other Factors Affecting Thermal History of Sedimentary Basins
2.5 Reconstruction of Thermal History in Sedimentary Basins
2.5.1 Reconstruction of Thermal History by Computer-Aided Basin Modeling
2.5.2 Controls of Thermal History
2.5.3 Calibration of Thermal History
2.6 Thermal History of Sedimentary Basins: Case Histories
2.6.1 Cambay Basin, India
2.6.2 San Joaquin Basin, California, USA
2.6.3 Adana Basin,
... mehr
Turkey
2.6.4 Styrian Basin, Austria
2.6.5 Zonguldak Basin, Turkey
2.6.6 Northwest German Basin
2.7 Concluding Remarks
- References
3 Maturation and Petroleum Generation
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Maturation: Definition and Driving Force
3.3 The Phenomenon of Petroleum Generation
3.4 Kerogen Maturation
3.4.1 Petrography: Vitrinite, Other Macerals, and Microscopic Approaches
3.4.2 Maturity-Related Changes of Optical Properties of Macerals
3.4.3 Model for Kerogen Maturation: Evolution of Physical Structure
3.4.4 Changes in Chemical and Carbon Isotope Composition
3.4.5 Pyrolysis Characterization
3.5 Bitumen and Petroleum: Geochemical Maturation
3.5.1 Maturation Changes in Bulk Properties and Gross Composition
3.5.2 Maturation Changes in Molecular Distributions of Hydrocarbons
3.5.3 Maturation Changes in Molecular Distributions of Heterocompounds
3.5.4 Maturation Changes in Carbon Isotope Composition
3.5.5 Thermochemistry, Kinetics, and Mechanisms of Molecular Transformations
3.5.6 Relationships Among Various Maturity Indicators
- References
4 Kinetics of Petroleum Formation and Cracking
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Concepts of Chemical Kinetics
4.2.1 Rate Laws and Order of Reactions
4.2.2 Temperature Dependence of Reaction Rates
4.2.3 Fundamentals of Non-isothermal Kinetics
4.3 Bulk Petroleum Generation
4.3.1 Kinetic Models
4.3.2 Model Calibration Against Programmed-Temperature Open-System Pyrolysis
4.3.3 Closed Versus Open-System Configurations
4.4 Generation of Methane and Molecular Nitrogen from Coals
4.5 The Problems of Predicting Petroleum Generation Rates and Compositions in Nature
4.6 The Conversion of Oil to Gas in Petroleum Reservoirs
- References
5 Deposition of Petroleum Source Rocks
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Production and Preservation of Organic Matter
5.2.1 The Debate
5.2.2 Some Observations
5.3 Transport of Organic Particles
5.4 Deep Marine Silled Basins
5.5 Progradational Submarine Fans
5.6 Upwelling Areas
5.7 Anoxic Continental Shelves
5.8 Evaporitic Environments
5.9 Lakes
5.10 Fluviodeltaic Coal-Bearing Sequences
5.11 Source Rocks and Tectonics of Petroleum Basins
5.12 Conclusions
- References
6 The Bulk Composition of First-Formed Petroleum in Source Rocks
6.1 Introduction
6.2 The Direct Analysis of First-Formed Petroleum
6.3 Kerogen Composition
6.3.1 The Typing of Kerogens by Elemental Composition
6.3.2 Kerogen Composition and Structure - A Brief Overview
6.4 Choice of Pyrolysis
6.4.1 The Concept of Structural Moieties
6.4.2 Simulating Catagenesis
6.5 Pyrolysates and Petroleum
6.5.1 Aliphatic Hydrocarbons
6.5.2 Aromatic Compounds
6.5.3 Sulphur-Containing Compounds
6.5.4 "Unresolved" Compounds
6.5.5 Model of Kerogen Decomposition
6.6 Predicting Petroleum Compositions
6.6.1 Qualitative Versus Quantitative Predictions
6.6.2 Organofacies Based on Petroleum Composition
6.7 Concluding Remarks
- References
7 Petroleum Migration: Mechanisms, Pathways, Efficiencies, and Numerical Simulations
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Migration Mechanisms
7.2.1 Primary Migration Mechanisms
7.2.2 Secondary Migration Mechanisms
7.3 Migration Pathways
7.3.1 Potential Migration Pathways
7.3.2 Evidence for Migration Pathways
7.3.3 Case Studies on Primary Migration
7.4 Migration Efficiency
7.4.1 Relative and Absolute Source Rock Expulsion Efficiency
7.4.2 Efficiency of Secondary Migration
7.5 Simulation of Migration Processes: The Geological Framework
7.5.1 Prerequisite: Extension of the Conceptual Model for Migration Modelling
7.5.2 Conceptual Model: Migration System and Pathways
7.5.3 General Numerical Model
7.5.4 Specific Items of the Numerical Model
7.5.5 Case Histories
- References
- Outlook
2.6.4 Styrian Basin, Austria
2.6.5 Zonguldak Basin, Turkey
2.6.6 Northwest German Basin
2.7 Concluding Remarks
- References
3 Maturation and Petroleum Generation
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Maturation: Definition and Driving Force
3.3 The Phenomenon of Petroleum Generation
3.4 Kerogen Maturation
3.4.1 Petrography: Vitrinite, Other Macerals, and Microscopic Approaches
3.4.2 Maturity-Related Changes of Optical Properties of Macerals
3.4.3 Model for Kerogen Maturation: Evolution of Physical Structure
3.4.4 Changes in Chemical and Carbon Isotope Composition
3.4.5 Pyrolysis Characterization
3.5 Bitumen and Petroleum: Geochemical Maturation
3.5.1 Maturation Changes in Bulk Properties and Gross Composition
3.5.2 Maturation Changes in Molecular Distributions of Hydrocarbons
3.5.3 Maturation Changes in Molecular Distributions of Heterocompounds
3.5.4 Maturation Changes in Carbon Isotope Composition
3.5.5 Thermochemistry, Kinetics, and Mechanisms of Molecular Transformations
3.5.6 Relationships Among Various Maturity Indicators
- References
4 Kinetics of Petroleum Formation and Cracking
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Concepts of Chemical Kinetics
4.2.1 Rate Laws and Order of Reactions
4.2.2 Temperature Dependence of Reaction Rates
4.2.3 Fundamentals of Non-isothermal Kinetics
4.3 Bulk Petroleum Generation
4.3.1 Kinetic Models
4.3.2 Model Calibration Against Programmed-Temperature Open-System Pyrolysis
4.3.3 Closed Versus Open-System Configurations
4.4 Generation of Methane and Molecular Nitrogen from Coals
4.5 The Problems of Predicting Petroleum Generation Rates and Compositions in Nature
4.6 The Conversion of Oil to Gas in Petroleum Reservoirs
- References
5 Deposition of Petroleum Source Rocks
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Production and Preservation of Organic Matter
5.2.1 The Debate
5.2.2 Some Observations
5.3 Transport of Organic Particles
5.4 Deep Marine Silled Basins
5.5 Progradational Submarine Fans
5.6 Upwelling Areas
5.7 Anoxic Continental Shelves
5.8 Evaporitic Environments
5.9 Lakes
5.10 Fluviodeltaic Coal-Bearing Sequences
5.11 Source Rocks and Tectonics of Petroleum Basins
5.12 Conclusions
- References
6 The Bulk Composition of First-Formed Petroleum in Source Rocks
6.1 Introduction
6.2 The Direct Analysis of First-Formed Petroleum
6.3 Kerogen Composition
6.3.1 The Typing of Kerogens by Elemental Composition
6.3.2 Kerogen Composition and Structure - A Brief Overview
6.4 Choice of Pyrolysis
6.4.1 The Concept of Structural Moieties
6.4.2 Simulating Catagenesis
6.5 Pyrolysates and Petroleum
6.5.1 Aliphatic Hydrocarbons
6.5.2 Aromatic Compounds
6.5.3 Sulphur-Containing Compounds
6.5.4 "Unresolved" Compounds
6.5.5 Model of Kerogen Decomposition
6.6 Predicting Petroleum Compositions
6.6.1 Qualitative Versus Quantitative Predictions
6.6.2 Organofacies Based on Petroleum Composition
6.7 Concluding Remarks
- References
7 Petroleum Migration: Mechanisms, Pathways, Efficiencies, and Numerical Simulations
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Migration Mechanisms
7.2.1 Primary Migration Mechanisms
7.2.2 Secondary Migration Mechanisms
7.3 Migration Pathways
7.3.1 Potential Migration Pathways
7.3.2 Evidence for Migration Pathways
7.3.3 Case Studies on Primary Migration
7.4 Migration Efficiency
7.4.1 Relative and Absolute Source Rock Expulsion Efficiency
7.4.2 Efficiency of Secondary Migration
7.5 Simulation of Migration Processes: The Geological Framework
7.5.1 Prerequisite: Extension of the Conceptual Model for Migration Modelling
7.5.2 Conceptual Model: Migration System and Pathways
7.5.3 General Numerical Model
7.5.4 Specific Items of the Numerical Model
7.5.5 Case Histories
- References
- Outlook
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Autoren-Porträt
Earth scientists in general will be attracted by the philosophy and approach presented in this book. It paves the way for combining the insight and views into the subsurface provided by modern seismic, advanced interpretation and visualization, with the understanding and results from an interactive basin modeling capability.
Bibliographische Angaben
- 2011, Softcover reprint of the original 1st ed. 1997, XXIV, 535 Seiten, Maße: 15,5 x 23,5 cm, Kartoniert (TB), Englisch
- Herausgegeben: Dietrich H. Welte, Brian Horsfield, Donald R. Baker
- Verlag: Springer, Berlin
- ISBN-10: 3642644007
- ISBN-13: 9783642644009
Sprache:
Englisch
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