Rate Adaptive Cardiac Pacing

The Evolution of Bradycardia Pacing.- I. Basic Concepts.- Hemodynamics of the Paced Heart.- Chronotropic Incompetence and Natural History of Sick Sinus Syndrome.- The Impact of Exercise Metabolism; Catecholamine Levels and Individual Fitness.- General Characteristics of Sensors Used in Rate-Adaptive Pacing: The Ideal Sensor Open- and Closed-Loop Concept.- Indications for Implanting Rate-Adaptive Cardiac Pacemakers.- II. Clinical and Functional Characteristics of Sensors Used for Rate-Adaptive Pacing.- Activity-Sensing Rate-Adaptive Pacing.- Respiration.- Intracardiac Pressure for Rate-Adaptive Pacing.- Mixed-Venous Oxygen Saturation.- Central Venous Blood Temperature.- The QT Interval.- Closed-Loop Rate-Adaptive Pacemaker Based on the Ventricular Evoked Response.- Impedance-Derived Cardiac Signals: Preejection Interval, Stroke Volume and Ventricular Peak Ejection Rate for Rate-Adaptive Pacing and Antitachyarrhythmia Devices.- Stroke Volume: A Hemodynamic Variable for Rate-Adaptive Pacing.- III. Electrocardiography of Rate-Adaptive Pacemakers.- Electrocardiography of Rate-Adaptive Dual-Chamber (DDDR) Pacemakers: Lower Rate Behavior.- Electrocardiography of Rate-Adaptive Dual-Chamber (DDDR) Pacemakers: Upper Rate Behavior.- IV. Clinical and Practical Aspects of Rate-Adaptive Pacing.- Is Rate-Adaptive Ventricular Pacing Already Obsolete?.- AAI and AAI-R Pacing: Clinical and Technical Aspects.- Follow Up of Patients with Rate-Adaptive Pacemakers.- New Problems with Rate-Adaptive Pacing: Limitations, Adverse Effects, and Interference.- Technical Improvement to be Achieved by the Year 2000: Leads and Connector Technology.- V. New Concepts in Rate-Adaptive Pacing.- Single-Lead Atrial Synchronous Pacing.- Automatic Pacemakers.- Combinations of Parameters.- Future Trends.- Visionary Concepts on Implantable Devices.