Strategies for protection and sustainable environmental management of the High Aswan Dam reservoir in Egypt considering climate change

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Chapter 3.4.3, Geology of the HADR area:
Figure 3.39 shows the basic geological map of the HADR area (Said, 1993). The major exposed rock units around the reservoir are Nubia Sandstones. Sand sheets and sand dunes are also relevant for the area. The Sinn El Kaddab carbonate plateau lies at the western side of the HADR. Granites and metamorphic hills are found on the reservoir's eastern side. The Nubia Sandstone plateau in the north eastern side of the reservoir displays an average elevation of 450 m AMSL, while on the other, western side of this water body, isolated hills of Nubia Sandstone are scattered over a wide area with an average altitude of 370 m AMSL. The sediments around Kalabsha Khor consist of fluvial deposits with cross bedded sand stone and have an average altitude of 250 m AMSL. The granite and meta-volcanic hills, in the northern part of the eastern side of the reservoir, have elevations ranging from 390 m to 590 m AMSL with eroded steep slopes. Oligocene basalt extrusions in the area are found in a North West direction around Abu Simbel and Toshka, in structurally controlled tectonically disturbed zones, within Cretaceous Nubia Sandstone exposures. Sand dune encroachments into the reservoir are frequently distributed over major sectors along the northern reservoir boundaries (Said, 1993).
From a geomorphologic point of view, the area around Aswan is almost flat, with a topography varying from 150-350 m AMSL. It is dominated by faults and the presence of several alkali granites and a syenite ring complex. Tectonic features, dominated by East West and North South fault systems, as well as a regional uplift characterize the northern part of the HADR. Geological data of these features indicate that a right-lateral strike-slip movement is the dominant mechanism along the Kalabsha Fault zone. Igneous intrusions and associated contact metamorphism may be found in a few localities on the western side of the HADR (Khalil et al., 2011).
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Emad El-Din Mohammad Elba, was born 1967 in Egypt. The author got his bachelor's degree in Civil Engineer from Ain Shams University in Egypt. He gained his research experience in the fields of water resources management, sustainable development, preservation and climate change from expert professors of Leuphana University Lueneburg, Germany, where he got both his master's and doctorate degrees. Since 1995, he has been working in Nile water sector at the Egyptian Ministry of Water Resources and Irrigation where he gained his practical experience from the Nile hydrology experts. He worked in the Nile Basin countries and participated in the hydrological studies of the Nile basin of Lake Victoria in Uganda and High Aswan Dam Reservoir (HADR) in Egypt and Sudan. While joining the HADR surveying mission, the author decided to study how to reduce the evaporation losses to optimize Egypt's water resources.