The Enlightenment that Failed

1 Introduction: Radical Enlightenment and 'Modernity'; Part I: The Origins of Democratic Modernity; 2 The Rise of Democratic Republicanism; 3 From Radical Renaissance to Radical Enlightenment; 4 From Radical Reformation to the Cercle Spinoziste; 5 English 'Deism' and its pre-1700 Roots; 6 Great 'Moderates' and the Temptations of the Radical: Montesquieu and the Forbidden; 7 D'Holbach against Voltaire and Rousseau: a triangular battle of Political Thought Systems; 8 Revolution without Violence: The Nordic Model; Part II: Human Rights and Revolution (1770-1830); 9 Parallel Revolutions: America and France (1774-1793); 10 General Will' and The Invention of Universal and Equal Human Rights (1750-1789); 11 Emancipating Women: Marriage, Equality, and Female Citizenship (1775-1815); 12 From Classical Economics to post-Classical redistributive Economics (1775-1820); 13 Reforming Europe's Law Codes; 14 Unity of Humanity: Race Theory and the Equality of Peoples; 15 Unity of Humanity: Property, Class, and the Emancipation of Man; Part III: Revolution and Competing Revolutionary Ideologies (1789-1830); 16 Robespierre anti-philosophe, Or, the Battle of Ideologies during the French Revolution; 17 The Swiss Revolution and the Hard Climb to Democratic Republicanism (1782-1848); 18 The Belgian Revolution (1787-1794); 19 Enlightening against Robespierre (and Napoleon): the Ecoles centrales (1792-1804); 20 Revolution and the Universities: Germany's 'Philosophy Wars' (1780-1820); 21 Radicalism and Repression in the Anglo-American World (1775-1815); 22 The American Connection; 23 The Spanish Revolution (1808-1823); 24 Black Emancipation, Universal Emancipation and the Haitian Revolution (1775-1825); Part IV: The Enlightenment that Failed; 25 Reaction and Radicalism: Germany and the Low Countries (1814-1830); 26 British Philosophical Radicalism (1814-1830); 27 Failed Restoration in France (1814-1830); 28 Bolivar and Spinoza; 29 Karl Marx and the Left's Turn from Radical Enlightenment to

Jonathan Israel was born and educated in London, graduated at Cambridge, and gained his PhD at Oxford. He taught for thirty years in British universities (Newcastle, Hull, and University College London) before being appointed Professor of Modern History at the Institute for Advanced Study, Princeton. He retired in 2016.