The Perception of Visual Information

3.7.6 Applications to Imaging.- 3.8 Conclusions.- 3.9 References.- 4 A Multiscale Geometric Model of Human Vision.- 4.1 Introduction.- 4.2 Scale-Space.- 4.3 Scaled Differential Operators.- 4.4 Image Structure.- 4.5 Description of the Early Vision System.- 4.6 Differential Invariants.- 4.7 Applications.- 4.8 Discussion.- 4.9 References.- 5 Human Response to Visual Stimuli.- 5.1 Introduction.- 5.2 Measuring Human Responses.- 5.2.1 Low Intensity Signals.- 5.2.2 Intense Stimuli.- 5.3 Complex Stimuli.- 5.3.1 Selective Visual Attention.- 5.3.2 Visual Scanning.- 5.3.3 Matching Image and Observer Characteristics.- 5.3.4 Focal Attention and Observer Factors.- 5.3.5 Individual Differences.- 5.3.6 Improving diagnostic accuracy.- 5.4 References.- 6 Cognitive Interpretation of Visual Signals.- 6.1 Early Views of Cognition.- 6.2 Western Philosophical Speculations on Cognition.- 6.3 Visual Texture Discrimination.- 6.4 Illusions.- 6.4.1 Ambiguities.- 6.4.2 Distortions.- 6.4.3 Paradoxes.- 6.4.4 Fictions.- 6.4.5 Summary.- 6.5 Color Vision.- 6.6 References.- 7 Visual Data Formatting.- 7.1 Introduction.- 7.2 Brightness, Contrast, and Details.- 7.3 Texture Discrimination and Edge Detection.- 7.4 Medical Imaging and Information.- 7.5 Visual Information and Communication.- 7.6 Conclusions.- 7.7 References.- 8 Image Manipulation.- 8.1 Introduction: The Digital Image.- 8.2 Interpolation.- 8.3 Gray-Level Manipulation.- 8.4 Filtering.- 8.5 Geometric Processing and Image Co-Registration.- 8.6 Image Subtraction.- 8.7 Segmentation.- 8.8 Maximum Intensity Projection.- 8.9 Conclusion.- 8.10 References.- 9 Physical and Psychophysical Measurement of Images.- 9.1 Introduction.- 9.2 Physical Measurements of Image Quality.- 9.2.1 Image Formation.- 9.2.2 Spatial Resolution.- 9.2.3 Noise.- 9.2.4 Signal-to-Noise Ratio.- 9.3 Limitations of Physical Analysis.- 9.4 Measuring Observer Performance: Basic Principles of ROC analysis.- 9.5 General Issues Regarding the Use of ROC Methods in Medical Imaging Research.- 9.5.1 Diagnostic Truth.- 9.5.2 Sampling.- 9.5.3 Statistical Precision and Power.- 9.5.4 Absolute versus Relative Performance.- 9.5.5 AFROC and FFE Analysis.- 9.5.6 Detection Methodology Applied to a Classification Problem.- 9.6 Statistical Issues in ROC Analysis.- 9.6.1 Fitting Individual ROC Curves.- 9.7 References.- 10 Computer Vision and Decision Support.- 10.1 Introduction.- 10.2 Computer Vision.- 10.2.1 Image Processing.- 10.2.2 Image Segmentation.- 10.2.3 Feature Analysis.- 10.3 Computer Vision Examples.- 10.3.1 Mammography.- 10.3.2 Chest Radiography.- 10.4 Decision Support.- 10.4.1 Clinical Algorithms.- 10.4.2 Mathematical and Casual Models of Physical Processes.- 10.4.3 Statistical Pattern-Matching Techniques.- 10.4.4 Decision Theory.- 10.4.5 Connectionism.- 10.4.6 Symbolic Reasoning and Expert Systems.- 10.4.7 Critiquing Systems.- 10.4.8 Knowledge Filters.- 10.5 A Decision Support Example: Mammography.- 10.6 Combining Decision Support and Computer Vision.- 10.7 References.- 11 Architecture and Ergonomics of Imaging Workstations.- 11.1 Architecture of Imaging Workstation.- 11.1.1 Image Processing Hardware.- 11.1.2 Display Monitor.- 11.1.3 Image Storage Devices.- 11.2 Examples of Imaging Workstation.- 11.2.1 Diagnostic Workstation.- 11.2.2 Review Workstation.- 11.2.3 Analysis Workstation.- 11.2.4 Digitizing and Printing Workstation.- 11.2.5 Interactive Teaching Workstation.- 11.2.6 Editorial and Research Workstation.- 11.3 Ergonomics of Imaging Workstation.- 11.3.1 Glare.- 11.3.2 Ambient Illuminance.- 11.3.3 User Interface.- 11.3.4 Multiple Display.- 11.4 References.- 12 Virtual Reality and Augmented Reality in Medicine.- 12.1 Introduction.- 12.1.1 Virtual Reality.- 12.1.2 Augmented Reality.- 12.1.3 Tele-Presence.- 12.1.4 Real Time.- 12.2 Medical Applications of VR Technology.- 12.2.1 Teaching.- 12.2.2 Surgical Simulation and Training.- 12.2.3 Planning and Simulation of a Specific Procedure.- 12.2.4 Image-Guided Surgery.- 12.2.5 Remote Manipulation, Tele-Surgery, and Mentoring.- 12.2.6 Remote Consultation and Rehabilitation.- 12.3 Augmented Reality in Image-Guided Surgery.- 12.3.1 Three-Dimensional Medical Imaging.- 12.3.2 Applications in Skull Base Surgery and Neurosurgery.- 12.3.3 Visual Perception in Augmented Reality.- 12.4 Conclusions and Future Work.- 12.5 References.- 13 Problems and Prospects in the Perception of Visual Information.- 13.1 Aspects ofVisual Perception.- 13.1.1 Physiological Optics.- 13.1.2 Detection of Visual Information.- 13.1.3 Interpretation of Visual Images.- 13.1.4 A Multiscale Geometric Model of Human Vision.- 13.1.5 Human Response to Visual Stimuli.- 13.1.6 Cognitive Interpretation of Visual Signals.- 13.1.7 Visual Data Formatting.- 13.1.8 Image Manipulation.- 13.1.9 Physical and Psychophysical Measurement of Images.- 13.1.10 Computer Vision and Decision Support.- 13.1.11 Architecture and Ergonomics of Image Workstations.- 13.1.12 Virtual Reality and Augmented Reality in Medicine.- 13.2 Conclusions.- 13.3 References.