Modern Treatment of Community-Acquired Pneumonia (CAP) / UNI-MED Science (PDF)

1. Introduction 12 1.1. References 13 2. Global and local epidemiology and etiology of CAP 16 2.1. Epidemiology 16 2.2. Factors influencing the incidence of CAP 17 2.2.1. Age and CAP 17 2.2.2. Concomitant diseases and CAP 18 2.2.3. Drugs and CAP 19 2.2.4. Behavioral risk factors 20 2.3. Etiology 20 2.3.1. The "atypicals" 21 2.3.2. Respiratory viruses 22 2.4. Individual risk factors for specific pathogens 23 2.5. References 25 3. Pathogenesis 30 3.1. Pulmonary defense mechanisms 30 3.2. Pathogenesis of pneumonia 34 3.3. References 35 4. Symptoms and diagnosis 38 4.1. History and general symptoms 38 4.2. Clinical diagnosis 39 4.3. Prognostic scoring systems 39 4.4. Biomarkers 39 4.4.1. Procalcitonin 39 4.4.2. C-reactive protein (CRP) 40 4.5. Diagnostic tools 40 4.5.1. Radiological investigations 40 4.5.2. Microbiological investigations 41 4.6. Differential diagnosis 43 4.7. Quality Control 43 4.8. References 43 5. Microbial etiology of CAP and mechanisms of virulence/resistance 46 5.1. Pathogens 46 5.2. Virulence 47 5.3. Emerging resistance 48 5.3.1. Beta-lactams 48 5.3.2. Macrolides 50 5.3.3. Tetracyclines 50 5.3.4. Fluoroquinolones 50 5.3.5. Clinical relevance of resistance 51 5.4. References 51 6. Treatment of CAP 54 6.1. General therapeutic considerations 54 6.2. Initial management - risk stratification and treatment setting 54 6.3. Antimicrobial chemotherapy 58 6.4. Evaluation of treatment 67 6.5. Follow-up 67 6.6. References 67 7. Prognosis and complications of CAP 72 7.1. CAP mortality 72 7.2. Treatment failure 73 7.3. Infectious complications 75 7.4. References 78 8. Risk factors and prevention of CAP 82 8.1. References 87 9. Clinical challenges, research and perspectives 90 9.1. References 94 Index 96

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