Plates vs Plumes (PDF)
A Geological Controversy
(Sprache: Englisch)
Since the advent of the mantle plume hypothesis in 1971, scientists
have been faced with the problem that its predictions are not
confirmed by observation. For thirty years, the usual reaction has
been to adapt the hypothesis in numerous ways. As a...
have been faced with the problem that its predictions are not
confirmed by observation. For thirty years, the usual reaction has
been to adapt the hypothesis in numerous ways. As a...
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Produktinformationen zu „Plates vs Plumes (PDF)“
Since the advent of the mantle plume hypothesis in 1971, scientists
have been faced with the problem that its predictions are not
confirmed by observation. For thirty years, the usual reaction has
been to adapt the hypothesis in numerous ways. As a result, the
multitude of current plume variants now amounts to an unfalsifiable
hypothesis.
In the early 21st century demand became relentless for a theory
that can explain melting anomalies in a way that fits the
observations naturally and is forward-predictive. From this the
Plate hypothesis emerged-the exact inverse of the Plume
hypothesis. The Plate hypothesis attributes melting anomalies to
shallow effects directly related to plate tectonics. It rejects the
hypothesis that surface volcanism is driven by convection in the
deep mantle.
Earth Science is currently in the midst of the kind of
paradigm-challenging debate that occurs only rarely in any field.
This volume comprises its first handbook. It reviews the Plate and
Plume hypotheses, including a clear statement of the former.
Thereafter it follows an observational approach, drawing widely
from many volcanic regions in chapters on vertical motions of
Earth's crust, magma volumes, time-progressions of volcanism,
seismic imaging, mantle temperature and geochemistry.
This text:
* Deals with a paradigm shift in Earth Science - some say the
most important since plate tectonics
* Is analogous to Wegener's The Origin of Continents and
Oceans
* Is written to be accessible to scientists and students from all
specialities
This book is indispensable to Earth scientists from all
specialties who are interested in this new subject. It is suitable
as a reference work for those teaching relevant classes, and an
ideal text for advanced undergraduates and graduate students
studying plate tectonics and related topics.
Visit Gillian's own website at http://www.mantleplumes.org
have been faced with the problem that its predictions are not
confirmed by observation. For thirty years, the usual reaction has
been to adapt the hypothesis in numerous ways. As a result, the
multitude of current plume variants now amounts to an unfalsifiable
hypothesis.
In the early 21st century demand became relentless for a theory
that can explain melting anomalies in a way that fits the
observations naturally and is forward-predictive. From this the
Plate hypothesis emerged-the exact inverse of the Plume
hypothesis. The Plate hypothesis attributes melting anomalies to
shallow effects directly related to plate tectonics. It rejects the
hypothesis that surface volcanism is driven by convection in the
deep mantle.
Earth Science is currently in the midst of the kind of
paradigm-challenging debate that occurs only rarely in any field.
This volume comprises its first handbook. It reviews the Plate and
Plume hypotheses, including a clear statement of the former.
Thereafter it follows an observational approach, drawing widely
from many volcanic regions in chapters on vertical motions of
Earth's crust, magma volumes, time-progressions of volcanism,
seismic imaging, mantle temperature and geochemistry.
This text:
* Deals with a paradigm shift in Earth Science - some say the
most important since plate tectonics
* Is analogous to Wegener's The Origin of Continents and
Oceans
* Is written to be accessible to scientists and students from all
specialities
This book is indispensable to Earth scientists from all
specialties who are interested in this new subject. It is suitable
as a reference work for those teaching relevant classes, and an
ideal text for advanced undergraduates and graduate students
studying plate tectonics and related topics.
Visit Gillian's own website at http://www.mantleplumes.org
Inhaltsverzeichnis zu „Plates vs Plumes (PDF)“
Preface, ix 1 From plate tectonics to plumes, and back again, 1 1.1 Volcanoes, and exceptional volcanoes, 1 1.2 Early beginnings: Continental drift and its rejection, 1 1.3 Emergence of the Plume hypothesis, 6 1.4 Predictions of the Plume hypothesis, 11 1.5 Lists of plumes, 13 1.6 Testing plume predictions, 21 1.7 A quick tour of Hawaii and Iceland, 23 1.8 Moving on: Holism and alternatives, 26 1.9 The Plate hypothesis, 26 1.10 Predictions of the Plate hypothesis, 35 1.11 Testing the Plate hypothesis, 35 1.12 Revisiting Hawaii and Iceland, 36 1.13 Questions and problems, 37 1.14 Exercises for the student, 37 2 Vertical motions, 38 2.1 Introduction, 38 2.2 Predictions of the Plume hypothesis, 39 2.3 Predictions of the Plate hypothesis, 40 2.4 Comparison of the predictions of the Plume and Plate hypotheses, 43 2.5 Observations, 43 2.6 Plume variants, 73 2.7 Discussion, 74 2.8 Exercises for the student, 76 3 Volcanism, 78 3.1 Introduction, 78 3.2 Predictions of the Plume hypothesis, 84 3.3 Predictions of the Plate hypothesis, 86 3.4 Comparison of the predictions of the Plate and Plume hypotheses, 91 3.5 Observations, 92 3.6 Plume variants, 113 3.7 Discussion, 114 3.8 Exercises for the student, 116 4 Time progressions and relative fi xity of melting anomalies, 118 4.1 Introduction, 118 4.2 Methods, 120 4.3 Predictions of the Plume hypothesis, 122 4.4 Predictions of the Plate hypothesis, 122 4.5 Observations, 123 4.6 Hotspot reference frames, 134 4.7 Plume variants, 1370 4.8 Discussion, 140 4.9 Exercises for the student, 141 5 Seismology, 143 5.1 Introduction, 143 5.2 Seismological techniques, 148 5.3 Predictions of the Plume hypothesis, 153 5.4 Predictions of the Plate hypothesis, 154 5.5 Observations, 155 5.6 Global observations, 179 5.7 Plume variants, 184 5.8 Discussion, 185 5.9 Exercises for the student, 188 6 Temperature and heat, 189 6.1 Introduction, 189 6.2 Methods, 195 6.3 Predictions of the Plume hypothesis, 203 6.4 Predictions of the Plate hypothesis, 205 6.5
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Observations, 206 6.6 Variants of the Plume hypothesis, 222 6.7 Discussion, 223 6.8 Exercises for the student, 225 7 Petrology and geochemistry, 227 7.1 Introduction, 227 7.2 Some basics, 230 7.3 Predictions of the Plume hypothesis, 245 7.4 Predictions of the Plate hypothesis, 246 7.5 Proposed deep-mantle- and coremantle-boundary tracers, 246 7.6 A few highlights from melting anomalies, 252 7.7 Plume variants, 261 7.8 Discussion, 263 7.9 Exercises for the student, 265 8 Synthesis, 267 8.1 Introduction, 267 8.2 Mantle convection, 275 8.3 An unfalsifi able hypothesis, 277 8.4 Diversity: a smoking gun, 284 8.5 The need for joined-up science, 284 8.6 The future, 286 8.7 Exercises for the student, 287 References, 288 Index, 319 Colour plate section (starting after page 180)
... weniger
Autoren-Porträt von Gillian R. Foulger
Gillian Foulger is Professor of Geophysics at the University of Durham where she has worked since 1985 on earthquake seismology and plate tectonics. She lived and researched in Iceland for seven years, where she acquired a mistrust of theories that do not fit practical observations without contortion. She manages the world-famous website www.mantleplumes.org and is widely acclaimed for leading the global debate regarding the existence of mantle plumes. For this she was awarded the prestigious Price Medal by the Royal Astronomical Society in 2005.
Bibliographische Angaben
- Autor: Gillian R. Foulger
- 2010, 1. Auflage, 352 Seiten, Englisch
- Verlag: John Wiley & Sons
- ISBN-10: 144432487X
- ISBN-13: 9781444324877
- Erscheinungsdatum: 22.02.2010
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