Anxiety Disorders

for treatment.- 5 Methodology of clinical investigations.- 5.1 Rating scales.- 5.2 Self-assessment questionnaires.- 5.3 Clinician/computer-administered scales.- 5.4 Health Outcome Assessments.- 5.5 Assessment of recovery.- 6 Discussion.- 5:Panic disorder.- 1 Introduction.- 2 Diagnosis and aetiology.- 2.1 Comorbidity.- 2.2 Epidemiology.- 3 Pathophysiology.- 3.1 Autonomic and central nervous system dysfunctions.- 3.2 Brain imaging.- 3.3 Respiratory function and carbon dioxide sensitivity.- 3.4 Genetic.- 3.5 Impact on cognitive processes.- 4 Treatments.- 4.1 Psychological.- 4.2 Pharmacological.- 4.2.1 Benzodiazepines.- 4.2.2 Tricyclic antidepressants.- 4.2.3 SSRIs.- 4.2.4 Other treatments.- 4.2.5 Algorithm for treatment.- 5 Methodology for clinical investigation.- 5.1 Psychometric scales.- 5.2 Assessing response and remission.- 6 Discussion.- 6:Obsessive-compulsive disorder.- 1 Introduction.- 2 Diagnostic.- 2.1 Comorbidity.- 2.2 Epidemiology.- 2.3 Natural history.- 3 Physiopathology.- 3.1 Neurobiology.- 3.2 Brain imaging.- 3.3 Genetics.- 3.4 Cognitive dysfunctions.- 4 Treatment.- 4.1 Psychological treatment.- 4.2 Pharmacological treatment.- 4.2.1 Clomipramine.- 4.2.2 SSRI and the 5-HT receptors.- 4.2.3 Addition of atypical neuroleptics.- 4.2.4 Course of therapy.- 4.2.5 Children.- 4.2.6 Some cultural differences in treatment practice.- 5 Methodology for clinical investigation.- 5.1 Psychometric scales.- 6 Discussion.- 7:Posttraumatic stress disorder.- 1 Introduction.- 2 Epidemiology.- 3 Comorbidity.- 4 Physiological and neurological abnormalities associated with PTSD.- 4.1 Physiological abnormalities.- 4.2 Neurobiology and brain abnormalities.- 5 Cognitive dysfunction associated with PTSD.- 5.1 Assessment of PTSD.- 5.2 Attentional bias: The emotional Stroop test.- 5.3 Memory.- 6 Treatment of PTSD.- 6.1 Psychotherapeutic approach.- 6.1.1 Exposure therapy.- 6.1.2 Anxiety management programs.- 6.1.3 Cognitive therapy.- 6.1.4 Eye movement and desensitisation reprocessing.- 6.2 Biofeedback.- 6.3 Pharmacological approach.- 6.3.1 Tricyclics.- 6.3.2 Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors.- 6.3.3 Anticonvulsants.- 6.3.4 ?-blocker and a2-agonist.- 6.3.5 ?l-antagonists.- 6.3.6 Buspirone.- 6.3.7 Other drugs.- 6.3.8 New research strategy in pharmacotherapy of PTSD.- 7 Discussion.- 8:Phobic disorders.- 1 Introduction.- 2 Epidemiology.- 3 Genetics.- 4 Treatment.- 4.1 Psychological.- 4.2 Biofeedback.- 4.3 Pharmacological.- 5 Discussion.- 9:Laboratory models of anxiety.- 1 Introduction.- 2 Biological animal models.- 2.1 GABAergic transmission and benzodiazepine receptor function.- 2.2 5-HT receptor knockouts.- 2.3 Corticotropin-releasing hormone mutation and CRH-receptor knockouts.- 2.4 Genetically selected alcohol-preferring rats.- 3 Behavioural animal models.- 3.1 Anxiety.- 3.1.1 Elevated plus-maze.- 3.1.2 Elevated T-maze.- 3.1.3 The holeboard test.- 3.1.4 Stress-induced hyperthermia.- 3.1.5 Fear potentiated startle.- 3.1.6 Burying behaviour test.- 3.1.7 Stretched attend posture test.- 3.1.8 Light-dark transition test.- 3.1.9 Social interaction.- 3.1.10 Ultrasonic distress vocalisation.- 3.1.11 A primate model.- 3.2 Panic disorder.- 3.2.1 Periaqueductal gray model.- 3.2.2 The mouse defence test battery.- 3.2.3 Other new behavioural models.- 3.3 Generalised anxiety disorder.- 3.4 Obsessive-compulsive disorder.- 3.5 Posttraumatic stress disorder.- 3.6 Effects of the antidepressants in the models.- 4 Human models.- 4.1 Some models of anxiety.- 4.1.1 The video-recorded Stroop colour word test.- 4.1.2 Fear potentiated startle.- 4.2 Generalised anxiety disorder.- 4.3 Panic disorder.- 5 Issues relevant to some non-benzodiazepine anxiolytics.- 5.1 5-HT receptors.- 5.2 Cholecystokinin receptors.- 6 Discussion.- 10:Discussion and perspectives.- Future perspectives.