Baseline Air Quality of Azad Jammu and Kashmir
(Sprache: Englisch)
The Azad Jammu and Kashmir (AJK) environmental profiling project has been completed aiming at the healthy environment for the citizens of AJK. The Environmental Protection Agency of AJK has been providing the logistical support and mobility etc. throughout...
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The Azad Jammu and Kashmir (AJK) environmental profiling project has been completed aiming at the healthy environment for the citizens of AJK. The Environmental Protection Agency of AJK has been providing the logistical support and mobility etc. throughout the sampling period. The present study has a very strong focus on "Indoor Air Quality Monitoring". The monitoring has been performed at the selected locations of Muzaffarabad, Mirpur and Bhimber in residential, commercial and industrial areas for ambient air. Indoor air quality has been measured in schools, houses, hospitals and industrial units of different locations of Muzaffarabad, Mirpur and Bhimber.
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Text Sample:CHAPTER TWO: BACKGROUND:
Sources of air pollution cover a wide spectrum of sources from natural processes to man-made activities performed by human beings which are major contributors to air pollution. A threat to clean air is posed by the petrol and diesel fired machinery including generators, engines, etc. Similarly, transportation is another source of air pollution. Cooking and wood burring and other indoor activities are sources of indoor air pollution. 2.1 Ambient Air Ambient air is the outdoor air in which humans and other organisms live and breathe. The contents and quality of ambient air is directly affected by the day-to-day activities of humans. Clean air is an important prerequisite for sustainable economic development and is a basic requirement for human health and welfare. Air pollution contributes to acidification and global climate change, which have an impact on crop productivity, forest growth, biodiversity, cultural monuments and many aspects of the national economy. The primary source of air pollution is the combustion of fossil fuels in vehicles, industries, power plants, and the burning of municipal solid waste. However in AJK main sources are human activities in particular vehicular emissions, wood combustions and other domestic activities. The emissions occur from two types of sources i.e. stationary sources; and mobile sources.
The stationary sources include power plants, compressors, generators, leakages/spills of oil and gas from transmission lines and during exploration and production activities of oil and gas. Flue gases from combustion and other gas turbine processes are contaminated with harmful gases and other contaminants, which if exposed to the environment may cause deleterious effects on living beings. Mobile sources include motorized vehicles which results in the emission of a wide variety of pollutants, principally carbon monoxide (CO), oxides of nitrogen (Nox), oxides of Sulphur and Volatile Organic Compounds
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(VOCs). Such emissions have an adverse impact on the air quality and health of human beings, particularly those who are directly exposed to this pollution. 2.2 Indoor Air Pollution Indoor air is that which we breathe in our 'built' environment. National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC) of Australia defines indoor air as air within a building occupied for at least one hour by people of varying states of health. This can include the office, classroom, transport facility, shopping centre, hospitals and homes. Indoor air quality is infact defined as the totality of attributes of indoor air that affect a person's health and well being. Relatively little attention is paid to the kinds and levels of gaseous and particulate pollutants that might be encountered in typical indoor air environment in Pakistan. Such pollutants are emitted by wood/ dung burning and kerosene stoves, dust, and fumes from paints and chemicals used in polishing industry. There is also an increasing trend toward "energy efficient" buildings that incorporate urea formaldehyde foam insulation. Carpets and decreased ventilation rates further exacerbate indoor pollution. More than 50% of households in Pakistan still use wood/biomass for cooking. It is recognized that indoor concentrations, not only of asbestos but also of the criteria pollutants such as CO, NO2, and Particulate Matter (PM) often exceed their urban atmosphere's outdoor levels. It is a term referring to the air quality within and around buildings and structures, especially as it relates to the health and comfort of building occupants. IAQ can be affected by microbial contaminants (mold, bacteria). Indoor air is becoming an increasingly more concerning health hazard than outdoor air. Using ventilation to dilute contaminants, filtration, and source control are the primary methods for improving indoor air quality in most buildings. Determination of IAQ involves the collection of air samples, monitoring human exposure to pollutants, col
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Bibliographische Angaben
- Autoren: Jawad Nasir , Muhammad Shafiq , Muhammad Mansha , Syed Hussain Haider Rizvi , Badar Ghauri
- 2017, 84 Seiten, 34 Abbildungen, Maße: 19 x 27 cm, Kartoniert (TB), Englisch
- Verlag: Anchor Academic Publishing
- ISBN-10: 3960671504
- ISBN-13: 9783960671503
Sprache:
Englisch
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