Biomechanics of Hard Tissues

1 BONE AND CARTILAGE, ITS STRUCTURE AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIESIntroduction: Growth Conditions, Matter Geometry and Packing, Collagen, Mechanical and Electrochemical Behavior of Porous Matter and TissuesCartilage Matrix and TypesCartilage Growth and Development: Fetal Development, Mineralization, Growth and Repair, DiseasesRegulation of Cartilage Activity and Streaming Potentials in CartilageBones as Organs and Tissues: Functions and Types of BonesStructure of Bone: Compact and Trabecular Tissues, Osteons and Cells, Inorganic and Organic Matrix PartsMarrow, Endosteum and Periosteum, Nerves, Blood Vessels and CartilageRemodeling and its PurposesBone as a Composite and its MechanicsBone as a Capillary Porous SystemDiseases of BoneBioengineering: Growing Artificial Cartilage and Bone2 CONSTITUTIVE MODELLING OF THE MECHANICAL BEHAVIOR OF TRABECULAR BONE: CONTINUUM MECHANICAL APPROACHESIntroductionContinuum MechanicsExperimental Testing and Material PropertiesStructure and IdealizationModelling of Mechanical Behavior3 NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF BONE REMODELING PROCESS CONSIDERING INTERFACE TISSUE DIFFERENTIATION IN TOTAL HIP REPLACEMENTSIntroductionBone Remodeling and Interface ModelsBone Remodeling Based on Optimality ConditionsInterface Behavior and AdaptationFormulation for Simultaneous Bone Remodeling and Interface AdaptationFinite Element Models and AlgorithmNumerical ResultsDiscussion and Concluding Remarks4 BONE AS A COMPOSITE MATERIAL: NATURAL BONE AND BIOMIMETICSIntroductionPhases and Volume FractionsIndividual Phase Mechanical PropertiesIntroduction to Composite MechanicsBone as a Composite: Macro-scaleBone as a Composite: Micro-scaleAnisotropyImplicationsConclusions5 MECHANOBIOLOGICAL MODELS FOR BONE TISSUE. APPLICATIONS TO IMPLANT DESIGNIntroductionBiological and Mechanobiological Factors in Bone Remodelling and Bone Fracture HealingPhenomenological Models of Bone RemodelingMechanistic Models of Bone RemodelingExamples of Application of Bone Remodeling Models to

Andreas Öchsner is Professor in the Department of Applied Mechanics at the Technical University of Malaysia, Malaysia. Having obtained a Master Degree in Aeronautical Engineering at the University of Stuttgart (1997), Germany, he spent the time from 1997-2003 at the University of Erlangen-Nuremberg as a research and teaching assistant to obtain his PhD in Engineering Sciences. From 2003-2006, he worked as Assistant Professor in the Department of Mechanical Engineering and Head of the Cellular Metals Group affiliated with the University of Aveiro, Portugal. He has published over 140 research papers and organized three international conferences on diffusion in solids and liquids.Waqar Ahmed is Director of the Institute of Advanced Manufacturing and Innovation at the School of Computing, Technology and Applied Sciences of the University of Central Lancashire, UK. He obtained his PhD in Chemistry from the University of Salford/Strathclyde and holds a certificate in business administration from the University of Warwick. Before pursuing his academic career he worked as an engineer and operations manager in various British companies. Waqar Ahmed acts as editor-in-chief for four international journals devoted to nanomanufacturing and biomaterials and as vice-president of the Society of Nanoscience & Nanotechnology.