Biotechnological strategies for the conservation of medicinal and ornamental climbers

4: Climber Plants: Medicinal Importance and Conservation Strategies
4.1 Introduction
4.2 History
4.3 Habitat and Distribution
4.4 Medicinal Application and Drug Discovery
4.5 Threats
4.6 Conservation Strategies
4.7 Role of Biotechnology on Their Conservation
4.8 Some Selected Climbing Plant Families
4.9 Conclusion

5: Plant Tissue Culture: Profile of Pioneers
5.1 Introduction
5.2 History of Plant Tissue Culture
5.3 Profile of Pioneers

6: Mircopropagation: A Boon for Conservation of Valuable Vines and Lianas
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Basic Plant Tissue Culture Techniques
6.3 Steps of Culturing Plant Tissue
6.4 Development of Nutrient Media
6.5 Advantages of Micropropagation Over Conventional Cultivation
6.6 Drawbacks of Plant Tissue Culture
6.7 Micropropagation Protocols For Some Threatened And Endangered Medicinal Lianas
6.8 Future Prospects





7: Somatic Embryogenesis: A Valuable Strategy for Phyto-Climbing Diversity Conservation
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Terminology
7.3 Zygotic embryogenesis versus somatic embryogenesis
7.4 Different phases of somatic embryogenesis
7.5 Factors affecting somatic embryogenesis
7.6 Important genes related to somatic embryogenesis
7.7 Applications of somatic embryogenesis
7.8 Limitations of somatic embryogenesis
7.9 Types of somatic embryogenesis
7.10 Somatic embryogenesis in medicinal climbers
7.11 Future prospects





8: Biotechnological Perspectives towards Improvement of Decalepishamiltonii, Potential Applications of Its tubers And Bioactive Compounds of Nutraceuticals for Value Addition
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Ethnobotanical information
8.3 Production
8.4 Phytoconstituents of tubers
8.5 Biotechnological intervention for mass multiplication
8.6 Germination studies
8.7 In vitro propagation methods
8.8 In vitro production of flavour metabolite 2H4MB
8.9 Augmentation of flavour metabolite in tubers
8.10 Applications of tubers
8.11 Other applications
8.12 Insecticidal activity
8.13 Antimicrobial activity
8.14 Medicinal applications
8.15 Bioactivity studies in cell cultures and experimental animals
8.16 Future prospects



9: Tylophora indica (Burm. f.) Merrill: Medicinal Uses, Propagation and Replenishment
9.1 Introduction: Vernacular Names, Habitat, Habit, Taxonomy
9.2 Chemical Constituents
9.3 Medicinal Properties
9.4 Plant Tissue Culture Studies

10: In Vitro Strategies for the Conservation of Some Medicinal and Horticultural Climbers
10.1 Introduction
10.1.1 Cardiospermumhalicacabum Linn
10.1.2 BenincasahispidaCogn.
10.1.3. TylophoraindicaBurm. f. Merrill.
10.1.4 SarcostemmabrevistigmaWight.
10.1.5 CycleapeltataLam.
10.1.6 Caesalpiniabonduc (L.)Roxb.
10.1.7 Clitoriaternatea L.
10.1.8 HemidesmusindicusL. R. Br.
10.1.9 Momordicacharantia L.
10.1.10 EmbeliaribesBurm F.

11: Advancement in Encapsulation Techniques for Conservation of Climbers
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Advantages of Synthetic Seed Technology
11.3 Encapsulation Procedure
11.4 Studies Conducted So Far for Synthetic Seed Production of Woody Climbers
11.5 Concluding Remarks and Future Prospects

12: Secondary Metabolite Enhancement in Medicinal Climbers through the Intervention of Abiotic and Biotic Elicitors
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Classification of elicitors
12.3 Mechanism of Elicitation: the biochemical pathway
12.4 Elicitors: Effect and Outcome in Enhanced Alkaloid Production



13: Basic Principles behind Genetic Transformation in Plants
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Methods of Genetic Transformation
13.3 Gene Expression in Transgenic Plants
13.4 Engineering Plants for Useful Agronomic Traits13.5 Future Implications of Plant Transformation
13.6 Conclusion





14: Genetic Transformation for Quality Improvement of Ornamental Climbers
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Type Study
14.3 Future Prospects
14.3 Conclusion

15: Advances in Molecular Approaches for the Integrative Genetic Transformation of Highly Important Climbers
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Future Prospects and Conclusion

16: Molecular Markers and their Applications in Plant Biotechnology
16.1 Molecular Markers: An Introduction
16.2 Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (RFLP)
16.3 Randomly Amplified Polymorphic DNA Markers (RAPD)
16.4 Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism (AFLP)
16.5 Inter Simple Sequence Repeats (ISSR)
16.6 Minisatellites, Variable Number of Tandem Repeats (VNTR)
16.7 Microsatellites or Simple Sequence Repeat (SSR)
16.8 Single-Strand Conformation Polymorphism (SSCP)16.9 Cleaved Amplified Polymorphic Sequence (CAPS)
16.11 Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP)
16.12 Sequence-Specific Amplified Polymorphism (S-SAP)
16.13 DNA amplification fingerprinting (DAF)
16.14 Arbitrary primed polymerase chain reaction (AP-PCR)
16.15 Interretrotransposon Amplified Polymorphism (IRAP) and Retrotransposon- Microsatellite Amplified Polymorphism (REMAP)
16.16 Retrotransposon-Based Insertional Polymorphism (RBIP)
16.17 Applications of Molecular Markers In Plant Genome Analysis and Breeding
16.18 Conclusions
16.19 Future Prospects

17: Use of Molecular

Markers in Medicinal Climber
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Application of Molecular Markers in Genetic Studies of Some Important Medicinal Climbers
17.3 Conclusions
17.4 Future prospects



18: Selective Protocols for In Vitro Propagation of Threatened Medicinal Climbers
18.1 Introduction
18.2 Climber
18.3 Importance of Ornamental Plants
18.4 Plant Tissue Culture
18.5 Advancement in Production of Secondary Metabolites via Plant Tissue Culture
18.6 Conclusions



19: In Vitro Protocols for Ornamental Climbers
19.1 Introduction
19.2 Type Studies
19.3 Concluding Remarks and Future Prospects

20: Contribution of Biotechnology in the Enhancement of Secondary Metabolites in Selected Medicinal Climbers
20.1 Introduction
20.2 Biotechnological Tools
20.3 Medicinal Climbers and Use of Biotechnological Tools
20.4 Future Prospects for Improvement of Important Bioactive Molecules of Medicinal Climbers
20.6 Conclusions