Conservation of Genetic Resources

1 Introduction.- 1.1 Problems.- 1.2 Definitions of Genetic Resources.- 1.3 Research Questions and Approach.- 1.4 Study Overview.- 2 Genetic Resources: Status, Development, Losses, and Conservation Management.- 2.1 State and Development of the World's Genetic Diversity Centers.- 2.2 Extent and Determinants of Genetic Extinction.- 2.3 Similarities and Differences Between Biodiversity and Agrobiodiversity.- 2.4 Methods for Conservation of PGRFA.- 3 Economic Framework of Conservation.- 3.1 Conceptual Overview.- 3.2 Economic Valuation of Environmental Goods at a National Level.- 3.3 Analysis of the Beneficiaries of PGRFA Conservation.- 3.4 Incentives for the Conservation of PGRFA.- 4 Institutional Frameworks for the Exchange and Utilization of PGRFA.- 4.1 Institutional Aspects of Exchange of PGRFA.- 4.2 Actors in the Conservation and Exchange Activities of Plant Genetic Resources.- 4.3 Protection of Intellectual Property Rights as Enforcement of the Exchange of PGRFA.- 4.4 Different Systems for the Transaction of Genetic Resources.- 5 Conservation Costs of PGRFA.- 5.1 Analysis of the Costs for PGRFA Conservation According to Different Categories.- 5.2 Expenditures of PGRFA Conservation at Country Level.- 5.3 Analysis of the International Expenditures in 1995.- 5.4 Effectiveness of PGRFA Conservation for Analyzed Countries.- 6 Two Examples of PGRFA Conservation Systems: India and Germany.- 6.1 Indian Case Study.- 6.2 German Case Study.- 6.3 Summary of the Indian and German Case Studies.- 7 Conclusions for PGRFA Conservation Policy and Further Research Issues.- 7.1 The Conservation and Service Center as a Focal Point for PGRFA Conservation Management.- 7.2 Incentives of Moderation.- 7.3 Compensation or Internalization?.- 7.4 Increasing Effectiveness Through a Market System,Technology Development and Cooperation.- 8 Summary.- 9 Zusammenfassung.- 10 Appendices.- 11 References.