Environmental Virology

1 Introduction.- References.- 2 Human enteric viruses in polluted water.- Enteroviruses.- Hepatitis A virus.- Non-A, non-B hepatitis.- Norwalk and Norwalk-like agents.- Rotaviruses.- Adenoviruses.- Parvoviruses.- Enteric viruses in the etiology of water-borne disease.- Summary.- References.- 3 Monitoring for viruses in wastewater and water.- Why water should be monitored for viral contamination.- Methods for monitoring viral contamination.- Virus isolation from sewage, and surface and drinking water.- Indicators for viruses.- Standards for viruses in drinking water.- Future developments in virus detection.- Summary.- References.- 4 Virus removal by treatment processes.- Advanced waste treatment (tertiary treatment).- Disinfection.- Summary.- References.- 5 Human viruses in sludges, and ground water soils.- Human viruses in sludges.- Virus association with solids in wastewater.- Recovery of viruses from sludges.- Quantity of viruses in sludges.- Fate of viruses during sewage sludge treatment and disposal.- Human viruses in soils.- Occurrence and distribution of viruses in soils.- Adsorption, persistence and desorption of viruses in soils.- Viruses in aerosols.- Human viruses in ground water.- Virus isolation from ground water associated with waterborne disease outbreaks.- Virus isolation from land application sites.- Virus survival in ground water.- Summary.- References.- 6 Viruses in seawater, sediments and shellfish.- Monitoring of enteroviruses in marine and estuarine water and sediments.- Persistence of enteroviruses in the marine environment.- Transmission of enteric viruses by recreational water resources.- Role of shellfish in the transmission of enteric viral disease.- Viral disease outbreaks attributed to shellfish.- Isolation of viruses from shellfish.- Adequacy of bacterial standards.- Virus detection in shellfish.- Summary.- References.