European Dimension of Metropolitan Policies

in a Multi-Level Polity: Interdependence, Circularity and Territorial Configurations 54 3.2 Policy Interdependency 573.2.1 Departing from Policy Transfer and Diffusion 573.2.2 Including Space: Geographies of Policy Mobility 583.2.3 Including Ideas: Ideational-Cognitive Approaches 603.3 Policy Learning 613.3.1 Understandings of Policy Learning 613.3.2 Multi-Dimensional Approaches for Analysing Policy Learning 623.4 Interpretive Perspectives on Structure and Agency 653.4.1 Structure-Agency Models for Understanding Policy Learning 653.4.2 Comparing the Analytical Power of Structure-Agency Models 673.4.3 Frame Analysis and Reframing 703.5 Europeanisation as Policy Learning and Framing 723.5.1 Overview of the Theoretical Framework 723.5.2 Frame Analysis as a Bridge between the Theoretical Framework and Methodology 734 Understanding Metropolitan Policies from a Comparative-Interpretive Perspective 754.1 The Choice of an Interpretive Approach and its Specification 754.1.1 Reasoning behind Interpretive Policy Analysis 764.1.2 Cognitive, Social Constructivist and Hermeneutic Background for Interpretation 774.1.3 Practical Consequences for the Interpretive Research Design 794.2 Comparing Interpretively and Geographically 804.2.1 Comparative Policy Analysis: From Comparative Politics to Interpretive Congruence Analysis 80 4.2.2 Comparison of Cities: From Comparative Urban Studies to Comparative Urbanism 834.2.3 Comparing as Interpreting Congruence and Contextuality: Practical Steps 864.3 Identifying and Selecting Cases of Metropolitan Policies 874.3.1 Identifying Metropolitan Policies as Cases 874.3.2 Selecting Cases for Comparison 884.4 Inquiring with Qualitative Methods 904.4.1 Semi-Structured Expert Interviews 904.4.2 Policy Documents 924.4.3 Document Analysis and Coding Strategy 934.4.4 Interpretive Analysis of Qualitative Coding 944.5 Summary of the Interpretive-Comparative Research Design 965 Europeanising Metropolitan Regions: The European Dimension of Metropolitan Policies in Lyon and Stuttgart 97 5.1 Lyon's European Policies 975.1.1 Specificities and Exceptionalism of Lyon's Metropolitan Policy Context 975.1.2 The Continuous Development of a European Dimension 1045.1.3 Europe as a Shifting Policy Frame and Rhetoric Reference 1085.1.4 Europeanisation of Lyon's Metropolitan Policies 1105.1.5 Learning and Reframing Processes in Lyon's European Metropolitan Policies 1165.2 Stuttgart's European Policies 1205.2.1 Stuttgart's Metropolitan Policy Context and its Exceptional Character 1205.2.2 European Dimension in Metropolitan Reform and Metropolitan Initiatives 1255.2.3 Stuttgart's European Engagement in Chronological Perspective: From Awakening to Saturation 1375.2.4 Europeanisation of Stuttgart's Metropolitan Policies 1385.2.5 Learning and Reframing Processes in Stuttgart's European and Metropolitan Policies 1456 The European Dimension of French and German Metropolitan Policies 1496.1 Metropolitan Policies in France   1496.1.1 Metropolitan Regions as a Policy Issue between Spatial Planning and Territorial Reform 1506.1.2 Changing Metropolitan Policies: From Métropoles d'Équilibre to Pactes Métropolitains 1516.1.3 Understandings of Metropolitan Regions in France 1636.1.4 Shifts in French Metropolitan Policies 1686.1.5 Europeanisation of French Metropolitan Policies 1706.1.6 Learning and Knowledge Exchange in Metropolitan Policies in France 1756.1.7 Reframing of French Metropolitan Policies 1786.2 Metropolitan Policies in Germany 1806.2.1 The Institutional Context of German Metropolitan Policies: Federal Consensus or Metropolitan Particularisms 1806.2.2 The Development of a European Dimension of German Metropolitan Policies 1816.2.3 Overlapping and Competing Understandings of Metropolitan Regions in Germany 1936.2.4 Major Shifts in the German Concept of Metropolitan Regions 2016.2.5 Europeanisation of German Metropolitan Policies 2046.2.6 Learning and Reframing in Germany's Metropolitan Policies 2097 Metropolitan Policies of the European Union 2127.1 Situating Metropolitan Regions in the European Context 2137.1.1 Institutional Context of European Metropolitan Policies 2137.1.2 Metropolitan Regions as an Implicit Policy Issue 2157.2 The Place of Metropolitan Regions in European Union Policies 2167.2.1 Regional Policies in the European Union 2167.2.2 The European Urban Agenda 2177.2.3 European Spatial and Territorial Planning 2187.2.4 Constructing Metropolitan Regions as a Policy Issue in the European Context 2197.3 Concepts of Metropolitan Regions in the European Context 2217.3.1 Metropolitan Regions as Nodes and Engines of Economic and Spatial Development 2227.3.2 Metropolitan Areas as Functional Urban Areas or Spaces of Interdependency 2237.3.3 Metropolitan Regions as Scales of Governance and Cooperation 2287.3.4 Overlaps with the Concept of City-Regions 2297.4 Europeanisation of Metropolitan Policies 2307.4.1 Institutional Europeanisation 2307.4.2 Europeanisation via Funding 2317.4.3 Europeanisation via Lobbying and Networking 2347.4.4 Cognitive and Symbolic Europeanisation 2377.5 Metropolitan Issues as Objects of Learning and Problems in Reframing Processes 2387.5.1 Policy Learning on 'The Metropolitan' in European Union Policies 2387.5.2 Reframing 'The Metropolitan' in the European Context 2458 Comparing the European Dimension of Metropolitan Policies from an Interpretive Perspective 508.1 The European Dimension of Metropolitan Policies in Lyon and Stuttgart 2508.1.1 Point of Departure: European Positioning and Metropolitan Reform 2518.1.2 European Metropolitan Strategies in Lyon and Stuttgart 2528.2 European Dimension of French and German Metropolitan Policies 2548.2.1 Origins and Context of Metropolitan Policies in Germany and France 2548.2.2 Differences and Commonalities of Metropolitan Policies in France and Germany 2558.3 Understandings of 'The Metropolitan' 2568.3.1 Metropolitan Regions as Nodes for Territorial Competitiveness 2578.3.2 'The Metropolitan' as Internal Spatial Interdependencies 2588.3.3 Metropolitan Regions as Political Entities 2598.4 Channels of Europeanising Metropolitan Policies from Below 2608.5 Metropolitan Policy Learning Across Contexts 2638.5.1 Learning from other Contexts by Observation 2638.5.2 Learning through Mutual Exchange, Co-Creation and Spatial Policy Mobility 2648.5.3 Learning between Practice and Academia 2658.6 Reframing 'The Metropolitan' 2668.7 Comparing as Interpretive Congruence Analysis 2689 Concluding Reflections on Europeanising Metropolitan Policies 2709.1 Reprise: Explaining Shifts in European Metropolitan Policies 2709.1.1 Comparing Metropolitan Concepts in the European Multi-Scalar Polity 2709.1.2 Understanding the Europeanisation of Metropolitan Policies as Learning and Reframing 2729.2 Discussion of the Findings in the Light of Previous Research 2739.3 Perspectives for Future Research and the Development of European Metropolitan Policies 276Appendices 278Appendix A. Examples of Interview Guidelines and Questionnaires 278Appendix B. List of Interview Partners 284Appendix C. Overview of Selected Documents from the European Union Context 287Appendix D. Example Coding Tree 293References