Klinefelter's Syndrome

Poetry.- Preface.- 1. Introduction - From a disabling condition to a variant of normalcy.- 2. Epidemiology of an underdiagnosed syndrome.- 3. Causes of the extra chromosome/s.- 4. Different karyotypes, same disease?.- 5. Genetic and epigenetic aspects of the supernumerary X chromosome.- 6. Prenatal Counselling and management in the early neonatal period.- 7. Early developmental pathways and communication good practices.- 8. The diagnosis at prepubertal age.- 9. What to do and when from infancy to puberty.- 10. Neuropsychiatric aspects.- 11. Testicular development.- 12. The Klinefelter puberty.- 13. Genetic of Gametes.- 14. Phenotype of the adulthood.- 15. Hypothalamic-Pituitary Axis Function.- 16. The altered bone.- 17. Obesity, the rule or not.- 18. Lipids and glucose metabolism.- 19. Cardiovascular characteristics.- 20. The Thyroid Function.- 21. Oncological problems.- 22. Fertility preservation.- 23. Fertility vs Infertility.- 24. Psychological features.- 25.   Sexual function.- 26. Testosterone treatment in male patients with Klinefelter's syndrome.

Andrea Garolla is an Associate Professor of Endocrinology at the University of Padova's Department of Medicin, and he works as an endocrinologist and andrologist at the Unit of Andrology and Reproductive Medicine at the University Hospital of Padova. He received his MD degree at the University of Padova. From 2009 he taught in the International Master's on Male Reproduction at the University of Padova. From 2003 to 2015 he was a Consultant in Andrology at the Reproductive Center of Alto Adige, Hospital of Brunico, Bozen, Italy. From 2011 to 2015 he was a Consultant in Andrological Oncology at the Venetian Institute of Oncology (IOV) of Padova, and from 2015 to 2019 he was an Assistant at the Unit of Andrology and Reproductive Medicine, Department of Medicine at the University Hospital of Padova. Previously he was a member of the Directive Board of the Italian Society of Medical Andrology and Sexual Medicine (SIAMS) and a member of the Directive Board of the Italian Society ofReproductive Physiopathology (SIFR), and he is currently a member of the Scientific Board of the Italian Society of Endocrinology (SIE). He is co-author of more than 150 peer-reviewed scientific papers, 21 books, and numerous book chapters and invited reviews, and is co-editor of 10 books and author of three books. He is a member of the editorial board of Frontiers in Endocrinology and of the Journal of Pelviperineology, Genitourinary Oncology, Frontiers in Pharmacology, Journal of Clinical Cancer Research, Cancer Endocrinology. He is referee for several international and national scientific journals in the field of endocrinology, andrology, reproductive medicine, oncology and fertility preservation, and is regularly an invited speaker at national and international congresses.

Giovanni Corona works as endocrinologist and andrologist at the Endocrinology Unit of Maggiore-Bologna Hospital, Bologna, Italy. He received the MD degree from the University ofBologna, passed