Microcomputer Control of Thermal and Mechanical Systems
(Sprache: Englisch)
Microcomputers are having, and will have in the future, a significant impact on the technology of all fields of engineering. The applications of micro computers of various types that are now integrated into engineering include computers and programs for...
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Klappentext zu „Microcomputer Control of Thermal and Mechanical Systems “
Microcomputers are having, and will have in the future, a significant impact on the technology of all fields of engineering. The applications of micro computers of various types that are now integrated into engineering include computers and programs for calculations, word processing, and graphics. The focus of this book is on still another objective-that of control. The forms of microcomputers used in control range from small boards dedicated to control a single device to microcomputers that oversee the operation of numerous smaller computers in a building complex or an industrial plant. The most dramatic growth in control applications recently has been in the microcom puters dedicated to control functions in automobiles, appliances, production machines, farm machines, and almost all devices where intelligent decisions are profitable. Both engineering schools and individual practicing engineers have re sponded in the past several years to the dramatic growth in microcomputer control applications in thermal and mechanical systems. Universities have established courses in computer control in such departments of engineering as mechanical, civil, agricultural, chemical and others. Instructors and students in these courses see a clear role in the field that complements that of the com puter specialist who usually has an electrical engineering or computer science background. The nonEE or nonCS person should first and foremost be com petent in the mechanical or thermal system being controlled. The objectives of extending familiarity into the computer controller are (1) to learn the char acteristics, limitations, and capabilit.
Inhaltsverzeichnis zu „Microcomputer Control of Thermal and Mechanical Systems “
1 Microcomputer Control1.1 The Penetration of Microprocessors into Engineering Fields
1.2 The Path by which Microcomputer Control Has Grown
1.3 Chemical and Process Industries
1.4 Environmental Control of Buildings
1.5 Automobiles
1.6 Home Appliances
1.7 Computer Control in Manufacturing
1.8 Electric Power Generation and Regulation
1.9 Agricultural Applications of Computer Control
1.10 What the Engineer Who Applies Computers Needs to Know
- References
2 DC Circuits and Power Supplies
2.1 Understanding Circuits
2.2 Kirchhoff's Laws
2.3 Thévenin Equivalent
2.4 Norton Equivalent
2.5 RC Circuits
2.6 Resistors
2.7 Diodes
2.8 Rectifying Circuit
2.9 Voltage Ripple
2.10 Commercial Power Supplies
2.11 Voltage Regulators
- Problems
3 Operational Amplifiers
3.1 Application of Operational Amplifiers
3.2 Basic Characteristic of the Op Amp
3.3 Comparator
3.4 Inverting Amplifier
3.5 Choice of Resistances
3.6 Non-inverting Op Amp
3.7 Buffer or Follower Amp
3.8 Signal Conditioning
3.9 Summing and Multiplying Amplifier
3.10 Generalized Circuit for an Op Amp
3.11 Integrator
3.12 Pin Diagram of 741 Op Amp
3.13 Limitations and Ratings of the Op Amp
- General References
- Problems
4 Transistors
4.1 Impact of the Transistor
4.2 Symbols and Terminology
4.3 Current Characteristics
4.4 Bipolar-Junction and Field-Effect Transistors
4.5 Voltages at the Transistor Terminals
4.6 Voltage Amplifier
4.7 Transistor as a Switch, and Saturating the Transistor
4.8 Common Emitter and Common Collector Circuits
4.9 Zener Diode
4.10 Constant-Current Source
4.11 Designing a Constant-Current Source
4.12 Operating Limits of a Transistor
4.13 Transistor Packages
- References
- Problems
5 Transducers
5.1 Importance of Good Instrumentation
5.2 Thermocouples
5.3 Thermocouple Reference Junction
5.4 Metal and Thermistor Resist ance-Temperature Devices
5.5 Series Circuit
5.6 Bridge Circuits
5.7 Amplification of a Bridge Output
5.8 RTD Circuits
... mehr
Supplied with Constant Current
5.9 Temperature-Dependent Integrated Circuits
5.10 Application of Sensors-Liquid Temperature
5.11 Application of Sensors-Temperature of Air and Other Gases
5.12 An Overview of Temperature Sensors and Transducers
5.13 Flow Rate and Velocity Measurement
5.14 Venturi Tubes-Liquid Flow Measurement
5.15 Orifice-Liquid Flow Measurement
5.16 Flow Measurement of a Compressible Fluid in a Venturi or Orifice
5.17 Pitot Tubes
5.18 Hot-Wire Anemometer
5.19 Turbine Flow Meter
5.20 Ultrasonic Flow Meters
5.21 Vortex-Shedding Flow Meters
5.22 Evaluation of Flow-Measuring Devices
5.23 Pressure Transducers
5.24 Evaluation of Types of Pressure Transducers
5.25 Force
5.26 Torque
5.27 Electric Current
5.28 Humidity Sensors
5.29 Chemical Composition
5.30 Liquid Level
5.31 Position and Motion Sensors
5.32 Rotative Speed
5.33 How to Choose Transducers
- References
- General References
- Problems
6 Actuators
6.1 Actuators for Computer Control Systems
6.2 Two-Position DC Electric Switch
6.3 Silicon-Controlled Rectifier (SCR) for DC Switching
6.4 Triac-Alternating Current Switching
6.5 Optically Isolated Switch
6.6 Solid-State Relays
6.7 Electric-Motor Actuators
6.8 Magnetic Operator
6.9 Hydraulic Actuator
6.10 Pneumatic Valve and Damper Operators
6.11 Electric-to-Pneumatic Transducer
6.12 Stepping Motors
6.13 Performance of Stepping Motors
- References
- Problems
7 Binary Numbers and Digital Electronics
7.1 Transition to Digital Electronics
7.2 Binary Numbers
7.3 Conversion between Binary and Decimal Numbers
7.4 Addition of Binary Numbers
7.5 Basic Logic Operations
7.6 OR Gate
7.7 AND Gate
7.8 Inverter
7.9 NOT-OR (NOR) Gate
7.10 NOT-AND (NAND) Gate
7.11 Exclusive-OR (XOR) Gate
7.12 Combining and Cascading Gates
7.13 De Morgan's Laws
7.14 Gate Chips
7.15 Ladder Diagrams for Conditional and Sequential Control
7.16 Ladder Diagram Using Gates
7.17 Sequential Logic Circuits
7.18 Binary Addition with Gates
7.19 Pull-Up Resistor
7.20 Three Classes of Outputs Found on Inverters and Buffer Gates
7.21 Debounced Switch
7.22 Clocks and Oscillators
7.23 Flip-Flops
7.24 Divide-By Counters
7.25 Schmitt Trigger
7.26 Monostable Multivibrator
7.27 Low-Frequency Pulses
7.28 Latches
7.29 Comparators
7.30 Analog Switches-Field-Effect Transistors
7.31 Binary-Coded Decimal (BCD)
7.32 Seven-Segment LEDs
7.33 Summary
- General References
- Problems
8 Conversion Between Digital and Analog
8.1 Elements of a Microcomputer Controller
8.2 A Simple DAC
8.3 DAC Using R-2R Ladder Circuit
8.4 The 1408 DAC
8.5 Applying the 1408 DAC
8.6 Multiplexers
8.7 Fidelity of Voltage Transmission Through a MUX
8.8 Sample-and-Hold Circuits
8.9 Operating Sequence with Multichannel Control
8.10 Where Analog-to-Digital Conversion Is Needed
8.11 Internal Functions of One Class of ADCs
8.12 More Complete Description of the Internal Functions of an ADC
8.13 Staircase and Successive Approximation Search Routines and Dual-Slope Integration
8.14 Pin Diagram of an 8-Bit ADC
8.15 Characteristics of the ADC 0800
8.16 Analog-to-Digital Conversion Using a DAC in Combination with Software
8.17 Choosing the ADC
- Problems
9 Memories
9.1 Function and Types of Memories
9.2 ROMs
9.3 EPROMs
9.4 RAMs
9.5 The MCM6810 RAM
9.6 Four-Bit RAMs-the MCM2114
9.7 Dynamic RAMs
9.8 EEPROMs
9.9 Memories on the Microcomputer
- General References
- Problems
10 Binary Arithmetic
10.1 The Eight-Bit Microcomputer
10.2 Two's Complement Arithmetic-Subtraction
10.3 Multiplication
10.4 Hexadecimal System
10.5 Labeling Conventions
10.6 Signed and Unsigned Numbers
10.7 Unsigned Numbers-The Carry Flag
10.8 Signed Numbers-Two's Complement Overflow
10.9 Status Registers on Microprocessors
- References
- Problems
11 Programming a Microprocessor
11.1 A Generic Microprocessor
11.2 Data and Address Buses in a Generic Microcomputer
11.3 The Accumulator with its Arithmetic, Logic, and Transfer Operations
11.4 The Fetch-Decode-Execute Sequence
11.5 Preliminary Instruction Set
11.6 Program Counter
11.7 Status Register and Jumps
11.8 Another Accumulator-Incrementing and Decrementing
11.9 Additional Addressing Modes
11.10 The Index Register and the Use of Register Addressing
11.11 Subroutines and the Stack
11.12 The Intel 8080/8085 Microprocessor
11.13 Loading Into and Storing From the Accumulator
11.14 Forms of Addressing on the 8080/8085
11.15 Flag Register
11.16 Subroutines
11.17 The 8080/8085 Programming Guide
11.18 The Motorola 6800 Family
11.19 Registers in the 6800 Microprocessor
11.20 The Instruction Set of the 6800
11.21 Condition Codes
11.22 Forms of Addressing
11.23 Branches-Relative Addressing
11.24 Index Register-Indexed Addressing
11.25 Loops
11.26 Stack Pointer
11.27 Subroutines
11.28 The 6800 Microprocessor Programming Guide
11.29 Summary
- References
- Problems
12 Assembly Language Programming
12.1 Machine Language and Assembly Language
12.2 An Overview of the Assembly Process
12.3 Major Components of the Program
12.4 Assembly Language Statements
12.5 Assembler Directives
12.6 The Location Counter
12.7 Using Assembler Labels and Symbols
12.8 Relocating Assemblers and Loaders
12.9 The Operation of an Assembler
- References
- Problems
13 The Structure of an Elementary Microcomputer
13.1 Definition of an Elementary Microcomputer
13.2 The Bus Structure
13.3 Flow of Information on the Buses During Execution of a Program
13.4 The Intel 8080 Microprocessor
13.5 Structure of the SDK-85 System Design Kit
13.6 Memory Map of the SDK-85
13.7 The Motorola 6802 Microprocessor
13.8 Structure of the MEK6802D5 Evaluation Kit
13.9 Memory Map of the D5 Evaluation Kit
13.10 Common Features of an Elementary Microcomputer
- References
- Problems
14 Parallel Input/Output and Interrupts
14.1 Parallel Input/Output
14.2 A Generic Parallel I/O Chip
14.3 Processing Interrupts
14.4 The Motorola Peripheral Interface Adapter (PIA)
14.5 Registers in the PIA
14.6 Preparing the PIA to Send and Receive Data
14.7 Interrupt from a Peripheral-An Overview
14.8 The Control Register and the Control Lines
14.9 Setting the Microprocessor to Receive an Interrupt
14.10 Structure of an Interruptible Program
14.11 User I/O Socket
14.12 Intel 8155/8156 RAM with I/O
14.13 Intel 8212 I/O Chip
14.14 Rudimentary Control Capability Now Available
- Problems
15 Serial Input/Output and Modems
15.1 Serial Data Transmission
15.2 Mark, Space, and Baud Rate
15.3 Synchronous and Asynchronous Communication
15.4 Parity
15.5 Shift Register
15.6 A Generic Universal Asynchronous Receiver/ Transmitter (UART)
15.7 The MC6850 Asynchronous Receiver/Transmitter (ACIA)
15.8 Registers in the ACIA
15.9 The Control Register
15.10 The Status Register
15.11 Transmitting and Receiving with the ACIA
15.12 The Intel 8251A Programmable Communication Interface
15.13 The Control and Status Register on the 8251A
15.14 Communicating Using RS-232-C and Modems
15.15 RS-232-C Interface
15.16 Level Conversion Between RS-232-C and TTL
15.17 Communicating Between Two Elementary Microcomputers Using RS-232-C
15.18 Transmission over Telephone Lines Using Modems
15.19 Dial-Up Modems
15.20 ASCII Characters
15.21 One-on-One Communication
- References
- Problems
16 Dynamic Behavior of Systems
16.1 Returning to the Thermal and Mechanical System
16.2 On/Off Controls
16.3 Make/Break Sensor with On/Off Actuator
16.4 Analog Sensor with On/Off Actuator
16.5 Modulating Control Strategies
16.6 Proportional Control
16.7 Proportional-Integral Control
16.8 Proportional-Integral-Derivative (PID) Control
16.9 Dynamic Analysis
16.10 Laplace Transforms
16.11 Inverting a Transform
16.12 Transforms of Derivatives
16.13 Solving Differential Equations by Means of Laplace Transforms
16.14 Transfer Functions
16.15 Feedback Loops
16.16 Stability Criteria for a Feedback Control Loop
16.17 A Proportional Controller Regulating the Pressure in an Air-Supply System
16.18 Response of a Proportional Air-Pressure Controller to a Disturbance in Air-Flow Rate
16.19 The Integral Mode of Control
16.20 The Proportional-Integral (PI) Mode of Control
- References
- Problems
17 The Computer and Its Sampling Processes
17.1 Unique Features of Computer Control
17.2 Numerical Simulation
17.3 Sampled Data
17.4 Responses to Sampled Values
17.5 The z-Transform
17.6 Response to a Series of Impulses
17.7 The Zero-Order Hold (ZOH)
17.8 Inverting a z-Transform
17.9 Cascading z-Transforms and Transforms of a Feedback Loop
17.10 How a z-Transform Can Indicate Stability of a Control Loop
17.11 Proportional Control
17.12 Proportional-Integral Control
17.13 Forms of Actuator Signals
17.14 Non-linearities-Dead Time
17.15 Non-linearities-Hysteresis
17.16 Summary
- References
- Problems
18 Field Application of Microcomputer Controllers
18.1 Applying Microcomputer Controllers to Field Processes
18.2 Practical Control Algorithms
18.3 Incremental PI Control Algorithm
18.4 Position PI Control Algorithm
18.5 Criteria for Tuning
18.6 Manual Control Test
18.7 Trial-and-Error Tuning
18.8 Closed-Loop Tuning
18.9 Open-Loop Tuning
18.10 Hysteresis Compensation
18.11 Summary
- References
- Problems
5.9 Temperature-Dependent Integrated Circuits
5.10 Application of Sensors-Liquid Temperature
5.11 Application of Sensors-Temperature of Air and Other Gases
5.12 An Overview of Temperature Sensors and Transducers
5.13 Flow Rate and Velocity Measurement
5.14 Venturi Tubes-Liquid Flow Measurement
5.15 Orifice-Liquid Flow Measurement
5.16 Flow Measurement of a Compressible Fluid in a Venturi or Orifice
5.17 Pitot Tubes
5.18 Hot-Wire Anemometer
5.19 Turbine Flow Meter
5.20 Ultrasonic Flow Meters
5.21 Vortex-Shedding Flow Meters
5.22 Evaluation of Flow-Measuring Devices
5.23 Pressure Transducers
5.24 Evaluation of Types of Pressure Transducers
5.25 Force
5.26 Torque
5.27 Electric Current
5.28 Humidity Sensors
5.29 Chemical Composition
5.30 Liquid Level
5.31 Position and Motion Sensors
5.32 Rotative Speed
5.33 How to Choose Transducers
- References
- General References
- Problems
6 Actuators
6.1 Actuators for Computer Control Systems
6.2 Two-Position DC Electric Switch
6.3 Silicon-Controlled Rectifier (SCR) for DC Switching
6.4 Triac-Alternating Current Switching
6.5 Optically Isolated Switch
6.6 Solid-State Relays
6.7 Electric-Motor Actuators
6.8 Magnetic Operator
6.9 Hydraulic Actuator
6.10 Pneumatic Valve and Damper Operators
6.11 Electric-to-Pneumatic Transducer
6.12 Stepping Motors
6.13 Performance of Stepping Motors
- References
- Problems
7 Binary Numbers and Digital Electronics
7.1 Transition to Digital Electronics
7.2 Binary Numbers
7.3 Conversion between Binary and Decimal Numbers
7.4 Addition of Binary Numbers
7.5 Basic Logic Operations
7.6 OR Gate
7.7 AND Gate
7.8 Inverter
7.9 NOT-OR (NOR) Gate
7.10 NOT-AND (NAND) Gate
7.11 Exclusive-OR (XOR) Gate
7.12 Combining and Cascading Gates
7.13 De Morgan's Laws
7.14 Gate Chips
7.15 Ladder Diagrams for Conditional and Sequential Control
7.16 Ladder Diagram Using Gates
7.17 Sequential Logic Circuits
7.18 Binary Addition with Gates
7.19 Pull-Up Resistor
7.20 Three Classes of Outputs Found on Inverters and Buffer Gates
7.21 Debounced Switch
7.22 Clocks and Oscillators
7.23 Flip-Flops
7.24 Divide-By Counters
7.25 Schmitt Trigger
7.26 Monostable Multivibrator
7.27 Low-Frequency Pulses
7.28 Latches
7.29 Comparators
7.30 Analog Switches-Field-Effect Transistors
7.31 Binary-Coded Decimal (BCD)
7.32 Seven-Segment LEDs
7.33 Summary
- General References
- Problems
8 Conversion Between Digital and Analog
8.1 Elements of a Microcomputer Controller
8.2 A Simple DAC
8.3 DAC Using R-2R Ladder Circuit
8.4 The 1408 DAC
8.5 Applying the 1408 DAC
8.6 Multiplexers
8.7 Fidelity of Voltage Transmission Through a MUX
8.8 Sample-and-Hold Circuits
8.9 Operating Sequence with Multichannel Control
8.10 Where Analog-to-Digital Conversion Is Needed
8.11 Internal Functions of One Class of ADCs
8.12 More Complete Description of the Internal Functions of an ADC
8.13 Staircase and Successive Approximation Search Routines and Dual-Slope Integration
8.14 Pin Diagram of an 8-Bit ADC
8.15 Characteristics of the ADC 0800
8.16 Analog-to-Digital Conversion Using a DAC in Combination with Software
8.17 Choosing the ADC
- Problems
9 Memories
9.1 Function and Types of Memories
9.2 ROMs
9.3 EPROMs
9.4 RAMs
9.5 The MCM6810 RAM
9.6 Four-Bit RAMs-the MCM2114
9.7 Dynamic RAMs
9.8 EEPROMs
9.9 Memories on the Microcomputer
- General References
- Problems
10 Binary Arithmetic
10.1 The Eight-Bit Microcomputer
10.2 Two's Complement Arithmetic-Subtraction
10.3 Multiplication
10.4 Hexadecimal System
10.5 Labeling Conventions
10.6 Signed and Unsigned Numbers
10.7 Unsigned Numbers-The Carry Flag
10.8 Signed Numbers-Two's Complement Overflow
10.9 Status Registers on Microprocessors
- References
- Problems
11 Programming a Microprocessor
11.1 A Generic Microprocessor
11.2 Data and Address Buses in a Generic Microcomputer
11.3 The Accumulator with its Arithmetic, Logic, and Transfer Operations
11.4 The Fetch-Decode-Execute Sequence
11.5 Preliminary Instruction Set
11.6 Program Counter
11.7 Status Register and Jumps
11.8 Another Accumulator-Incrementing and Decrementing
11.9 Additional Addressing Modes
11.10 The Index Register and the Use of Register Addressing
11.11 Subroutines and the Stack
11.12 The Intel 8080/8085 Microprocessor
11.13 Loading Into and Storing From the Accumulator
11.14 Forms of Addressing on the 8080/8085
11.15 Flag Register
11.16 Subroutines
11.17 The 8080/8085 Programming Guide
11.18 The Motorola 6800 Family
11.19 Registers in the 6800 Microprocessor
11.20 The Instruction Set of the 6800
11.21 Condition Codes
11.22 Forms of Addressing
11.23 Branches-Relative Addressing
11.24 Index Register-Indexed Addressing
11.25 Loops
11.26 Stack Pointer
11.27 Subroutines
11.28 The 6800 Microprocessor Programming Guide
11.29 Summary
- References
- Problems
12 Assembly Language Programming
12.1 Machine Language and Assembly Language
12.2 An Overview of the Assembly Process
12.3 Major Components of the Program
12.4 Assembly Language Statements
12.5 Assembler Directives
12.6 The Location Counter
12.7 Using Assembler Labels and Symbols
12.8 Relocating Assemblers and Loaders
12.9 The Operation of an Assembler
- References
- Problems
13 The Structure of an Elementary Microcomputer
13.1 Definition of an Elementary Microcomputer
13.2 The Bus Structure
13.3 Flow of Information on the Buses During Execution of a Program
13.4 The Intel 8080 Microprocessor
13.5 Structure of the SDK-85 System Design Kit
13.6 Memory Map of the SDK-85
13.7 The Motorola 6802 Microprocessor
13.8 Structure of the MEK6802D5 Evaluation Kit
13.9 Memory Map of the D5 Evaluation Kit
13.10 Common Features of an Elementary Microcomputer
- References
- Problems
14 Parallel Input/Output and Interrupts
14.1 Parallel Input/Output
14.2 A Generic Parallel I/O Chip
14.3 Processing Interrupts
14.4 The Motorola Peripheral Interface Adapter (PIA)
14.5 Registers in the PIA
14.6 Preparing the PIA to Send and Receive Data
14.7 Interrupt from a Peripheral-An Overview
14.8 The Control Register and the Control Lines
14.9 Setting the Microprocessor to Receive an Interrupt
14.10 Structure of an Interruptible Program
14.11 User I/O Socket
14.12 Intel 8155/8156 RAM with I/O
14.13 Intel 8212 I/O Chip
14.14 Rudimentary Control Capability Now Available
- Problems
15 Serial Input/Output and Modems
15.1 Serial Data Transmission
15.2 Mark, Space, and Baud Rate
15.3 Synchronous and Asynchronous Communication
15.4 Parity
15.5 Shift Register
15.6 A Generic Universal Asynchronous Receiver/ Transmitter (UART)
15.7 The MC6850 Asynchronous Receiver/Transmitter (ACIA)
15.8 Registers in the ACIA
15.9 The Control Register
15.10 The Status Register
15.11 Transmitting and Receiving with the ACIA
15.12 The Intel 8251A Programmable Communication Interface
15.13 The Control and Status Register on the 8251A
15.14 Communicating Using RS-232-C and Modems
15.15 RS-232-C Interface
15.16 Level Conversion Between RS-232-C and TTL
15.17 Communicating Between Two Elementary Microcomputers Using RS-232-C
15.18 Transmission over Telephone Lines Using Modems
15.19 Dial-Up Modems
15.20 ASCII Characters
15.21 One-on-One Communication
- References
- Problems
16 Dynamic Behavior of Systems
16.1 Returning to the Thermal and Mechanical System
16.2 On/Off Controls
16.3 Make/Break Sensor with On/Off Actuator
16.4 Analog Sensor with On/Off Actuator
16.5 Modulating Control Strategies
16.6 Proportional Control
16.7 Proportional-Integral Control
16.8 Proportional-Integral-Derivative (PID) Control
16.9 Dynamic Analysis
16.10 Laplace Transforms
16.11 Inverting a Transform
16.12 Transforms of Derivatives
16.13 Solving Differential Equations by Means of Laplace Transforms
16.14 Transfer Functions
16.15 Feedback Loops
16.16 Stability Criteria for a Feedback Control Loop
16.17 A Proportional Controller Regulating the Pressure in an Air-Supply System
16.18 Response of a Proportional Air-Pressure Controller to a Disturbance in Air-Flow Rate
16.19 The Integral Mode of Control
16.20 The Proportional-Integral (PI) Mode of Control
- References
- Problems
17 The Computer and Its Sampling Processes
17.1 Unique Features of Computer Control
17.2 Numerical Simulation
17.3 Sampled Data
17.4 Responses to Sampled Values
17.5 The z-Transform
17.6 Response to a Series of Impulses
17.7 The Zero-Order Hold (ZOH)
17.8 Inverting a z-Transform
17.9 Cascading z-Transforms and Transforms of a Feedback Loop
17.10 How a z-Transform Can Indicate Stability of a Control Loop
17.11 Proportional Control
17.12 Proportional-Integral Control
17.13 Forms of Actuator Signals
17.14 Non-linearities-Dead Time
17.15 Non-linearities-Hysteresis
17.16 Summary
- References
- Problems
18 Field Application of Microcomputer Controllers
18.1 Applying Microcomputer Controllers to Field Processes
18.2 Practical Control Algorithms
18.3 Incremental PI Control Algorithm
18.4 Position PI Control Algorithm
18.5 Criteria for Tuning
18.6 Manual Control Test
18.7 Trial-and-Error Tuning
18.8 Closed-Loop Tuning
18.9 Open-Loop Tuning
18.10 Hysteresis Compensation
18.11 Summary
- References
- Problems
... weniger
Bibliographische Angaben
- Autor: William Stoecker
- 2012, 1989, 440 Seiten, Maße: 15,6 x 24,4 cm, Kartoniert (TB), Englisch
- Verlag: Springer, Berlin
- ISBN-10: 1468465627
- ISBN-13: 9781468465624
Sprache:
Englisch
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