Muscle Slings in Sport

PrefaceMovement in every-day life and in sport shows that the functional and structural adaptation of the active and passive motor system to physical strain of variable duration and intensity is a precondition of high physical performance. It should be based on a well-balanced and well-trained interplay of the muscular agonists and antagonists responsible for dynamic and static movements. This interplay becomes all the more necessary for the planning and implementation of prophylaxis, training methodology and physiotherapy, when one considers the increasing physical specialization and the inappropriate strain which is sometimes put on muscles, both at work and particularly in sport. To achieve this aim, it is not primarily the size or power of a single muscle, however well developed, which is important, but rather the way it can function optimally in the context of movements of a part or of the whole of the body, when it is combined with other agonists and antagonists to form "muscle slings", which operate as a functional unit. In this way stable muscle-joint relationships are established, which guarantee that the movement and support system of our body can withstand great stress.This is what the numerous and interesting sequences of movements, carried out by female and male athletes in various types of sport, are intended to demonstrate. At the same time the reader will learn about the important part played by a functional-anatomical approach to the motor system in everyday life and practice. The content is intended to meet the needs of sports training, physio- and sports therapy, and rehabilitation following injuries. The text is superbly complemented by the unique threepart illustrations created by the artist, Kurt Opitz.This book has been written especially for sports students, and for physio-, sport- and ergotherapeutic students, as well as for trainers and sports physicians in continuous professional development. The author was actively involved in anatomy and

1 Analysis of sequencesof movements in sport from a functional-anatomical point of view1 1.1 Adaptability of the motor system as a process and outcome 2 1.2 Form, structure and function 3 1.3 Open and closed joint systems4 1.4 The cooperation between muscle groups which form muscle slings 7 1.5 Coordinated capabilities ¿ functions and the basis for ¿motor learning¿ 9 1.6 Functional principles for sequences of movements 10 1.7 What should be considered with regard to muscular imbalance 12 1.8 Learning to observe and describe 15 2 Applied anatomy in sport17 2.1 Extensor slings of the lower extremity 19 Anatomy revisited: The central role of the spinal column in dynamic and static sequences of movements 22 2.2 Extensor slings in whole-body movements 30 Overextension of the body backwards 30 Long- and middle-distance runners 32 Sprinter (at the start of the 100 meters) 36 Javelin thrower 40 Medicine-ball thrower 42 Wrestler (standing combat) 44 Wrestler (ground combat) 46 Boxer 48 Gymnast 50 Rower 52 Anatomy revisited: Lesion-prone weak point: lumbo-sacral transition 56 Weightlifter 59 Inhibitory and braking function of the extensor sling 62 2.3 Flexor slings of the lower extremity 64 Basic movements64 Sudden and brisk lifting of the leg 66 Ballet dancer 68 Hurdler 70 2.4 Flexor and extensor slings in whole-body movements 70 Long jumper 72 High jumper 76 Rope climber 78 Wall climber 78 Anatomy revisited: Muscles of the trunk and the shoulder girdle in artistic gymnastics 80 2.5 Muscle slings in static sequences of movements 84 Gymnast on parallel bars 84 Gymnast on the rings 86 High-bar gymnast 92 Anatomy revisited: Role and integration of the abdominal muscles in lateral inclination and rotation 94 2.6 Muscle slings in lateral inclination and rotation of the body 98 Lateral inclincation of the trunk 100 Rhythmic gymnastics 104 Gymnastics with round weights 107 Anatomy revisited: The central role of the knee joint in many sports disciplines 108 Football player (crossing

Prof. em. Dr. med. Dr. h. c. Kurt Tittel, Emeritus Professor and former Chairman of the Department of Functional Anatomy of the University of Halle and of the Hochschule für Körperkultur (Institure of Physical Culture) in Leipzig. Former Chairman of the Department of Sports Medicine of the Academy for continuous professional development in Berlin-Lichtenberg. This textbook describes the activity of muscle slings in professional athletes and is, in part, based on material presented in the 15th edition of the German textbook ¿Beschreibende und funktionelle Anatomie¿ (descriptive and functional anatomy), by K. Tittel with the assistance of E. Seidel, published by KIENER Verlag, Munich 2012. International honours Philip-Noel Baker Research Price of the International Council of Sport Science and Physical Education (CIEPSS) for scientific contributions in the field of Sports-Anthropometry (1974) Distinguished Service Award of the United States Sports Academy for noteworthy contributions to International Sport (1984) Honorary Prize of the International Olympic Committee in appreciation of outstanding services in the field of Sports Medicine (1989) Honorary-Membership of the Hungarian Sports Medical-Association (1984) Honorary-Membership of the Czechoslowakian Purkinje-Association (1984) Gold medal of the International Federation of Sports Medicine (FIMS) and appointment as FIMS Fellow (2002)