Principles of Internal Fixation of the Craniomaxillofacial Skeleton

1 General aspects 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Bone 1.3 Fractures in the craniomaxillofacial skeleton 1.4 Implant materials and types 1.5 Principles of craniomaxillofacial trauma care 1.6 References and suggested reading 2 Mandibular fractures 2.1 Symphyseal and parasymphyseal fractures 2.2 Body and angle fractures of the mandible 2.3 Condyle, ascending ramus, and coronoid process fractures 2.4 Fractures in bone of reduced quality 2.5 References and suggested reading 3 Midfacial fractures 3.1 Lower midface (Le Fort I and palatal fractures) 3.2 Upper midface (Le Fort II and III) 3.3 Zygomaticomaxillary complex (ZMC) fractures, zygomatic arch fractures 3.4 Orbital fractures 3.5 Nasoorbitoethmoidal (NOE) fractures 3.6 Fractures of the nasal skeleton 3.7 References amd suggested reading 4 Skull and skull base fractures 4.1 Frontal sinus, frontal bone, and anterior skull base 4.2 Lateral skull base fractures 4.3 Cranial vault fractures 4.4 References and suggested reading 5 Panfacial fractures 6 Fractures in the growing skeleton 7 Fixation techniques of standard osteotomies of the facial skelton (orthognatic surgery) 7.1 Definitions, diagnosis, and treatment planning 7.2 Standard osteotomies in the mandible 7.3 Standard osteotomies in the maxilla 7.4 Special considerations and sequencing in 2-jaw osteotomies 7.5 Perioperative and postoperative management 7.6 Complications and pitfalls 7.7 References and suggested reading