Tinnitus and Stress

1 Introduction.-2 Stress, glucocorticoides and their receptors.- 3 Allostasis and allostatic load.- 4 Stress-related conditions and tinnitus.- 5 Circadian sensitivity of auditory system.- 6 Animal models of tinnitus.- 7 Stress-related biomarkers.- 8 Psychometric instruments used in tinnitus clinics.- 9 Stress-related tinnitus treatment protocols.- 10 Stress-related outcome measures.- 11 Postface.

Agnieszka J. Szczepek is project leader and a member of the academic staff of the ORL Research Laboratory at the Charité University Hospital, Berlin, Germany. She graduated in Biology from the University of Warsaw, Poland, in 1985 and later obtained her PhD (Medical Sciences, Experimental Oncology/Immunology) from the University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada. After a period as a postdoc in the Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Alberta, she joined the Chlamydial Research Group in the Department of Molecular Biology, Max Planck Institute of Infection Biology, Berlin, where she became project and team leader in 2001. She took up her present position in 2006. Dr. Szczepek's main research interests are molecular diagnostics, the role of inflammation in neurosensory disorders, and ototoxicity: mechanisms and prevention. She is the author of several articles in peer-reviewed journals, including many well-received publications on tinnitus.Birgit Mazurek is a professor in the Tinnitus Center of the Charité Hospital in Berlin, Germany, of which she has been Director since 2001. The center is one of the largest medical units in Germany to specialize in diagnosis and treatment of the condition, and Professor Mazurek was involved in its creation. In addition to the ORL specialists on her team, she employs clinical psychologists and physiotherapists and collaborates closely with neurologists, cardiologists, and endocrinologists. Her scientific interests in tinnitus extend from clinical aspects to basic research. She has initiated and completed several studies with the use of animal models and inner ear explants to better understand the pathophysiology of tinnitus. The issue of tinnitus and stress is of particular interest to her. Most tinnitus patients referred to her center associate the onset of their condition with a particularly stressful event or a long-term stressful situation. As a result, her clinical interests and basic research