Ultrasound in Chemistry

The uses of power ultrasound in Analytical Chemistry

Introduction

Cavitation

Parameters affecting cavitation

Frequency

Intensity

Solvent

Temperature

External pressure and bubbled gas

Sound attenuation

Common ultrasonic devices used in Analytical Chemistry.

The ultrasonic bath

Types of ultrasonic baths

How to locate the most efficiency place inside a bath

Temperature control

Shape and material of reaction container

The ultrasonic probe

Parts of an ultrasonic probe

Types of ultrasonic probes

Dead zones

How to choose the correct ultrasonic probe

Temperature control

Shape and material of reaction container

Current ultrasonic devices for new analytical applications

Ultrasonic Extraction for elemental analysis by spectroscopy techniques

Introduction

Extracting reagent

The ultrasonic bath vs. the ultrasonic probe

Extraction from soils and sediments

Extraction from sewage sludge

Extraction from plants

Extraction from soft-tissues

Elemental determination

Ultrasonic solid-liquid extraction for F-AAS

Ultrasonic solid-liquid extraction for ET-AAS

Ultrasonic solid-liquid extraction for CV and HG accomplished to AAS or AFS

Ultrasonic slurry sampling for ET-AAS or ET-ICP-MS

Ultrasonic slurry sampling

Elemental speciation

What it means speciation?

Shortening sequential extraction schemes

Speciation for soils and sediments

Speciation for plants

Speciation from soft tissues

Speciation from water

Speciation from human urine

On-line applications

Open systems

Closed systems

Ultrasonic bath

Ultrasonic probe

Current tendencies

Accelerating liquid-liquid extraction

Improving solid-liquid extraction in pre-concentration approaches

Ultrasonic accelerated Extraction of semivolatile and volatile organics for their analysis by chromatographic techniques

Introduction

Extracting reagent

The ultrasonic bath vs. the ultrasonic

Dr. José-Luis Capelo-Martínez has a large experience in developing new sample treatments for the extraction of trace metal, and organics in biological and environmental samples and their subsequent determination. At present the research of the group is oriented to the development of new sample treatments achieving: 1. Less chemical consumption. 2. Low chemical concentration. 3. Easy implementation. 4. Green Chemistry.

" The book can be recommended to practicing analytical chemists who need to develop more efficient strategies for analysis, and in general to those practitioners who need to improve analytical methodological performance. It could also serve as a valuable starting point for researching new avenues in the analytical use of ultrasound ." (Anal Bioanal Chem, 2009) "Analytical Applications is a practical book that emphasizes some of the latest developments in the implementation of ultrasound in the analytical lab." ( Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry , August 2009)